U-Ivan Fedorov (futhi UFedorovich, Moskvitin) - omunye wabaphrinta bezincwadi bokuqala baseRussia. Njengomthetho, ubizwa ngokuthi "umshicileli wokuqala wezincwadi waseRussia" ngenxa yokuthi ungummemezeli wencwadi yokuqala eprintiwe eRussia, ebizwa ngokuthi "Umphostoli".
Ku-biography ka-Ivan Fedorov, kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo avela empilweni yakhe yangasese nemisebenzi yobungcweti.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwakho kune-biography emfushane ka-Ivan Fedorov.
Biography of Ivan Fedorov
Usuku oluqondile lokuzalwa kuka-Ivan Fedorov alukaziwa. Kukholakala ukuthi wazalwa cishe ngo-1520 eGrand Duchy yaseMoscow.
Esikhathini sika-1529-1532. U-Ivan wafunda eJagiellonian University, namuhla etholakala edolobheni lasePoland iKrakow.
Ngokusho kwezazi-mlando zaseRussia, okhokho bakaFedorov babehlala emazweni manje aseBelarus.
Ngemuva kokuphothula eyunivesithi, u-Ivan uqokwa njengomdikoni esontweni iSt. Nicholas Gostunsky. Ngaleso sikhathi, uMetropolitan Macarius waba ngumeluleki wakhe, aqala ukubambisana naye kakhulu.
Indlu yokuqala yokuphrinta
U-Ivan Fedorov waphila futhi wasebenza ngenkathi ka-Ivan IV the Terrible. Ngo-1552, inkosi yaseRussia yayala ukuthi kwethulwe ibhizinisi lokunyathelisa ngolimi lwesiSlavonic seSonto eMoscow.
Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi ngaphambi kwalokho kwase kunemisebenzi kakade ngolimi lwesiSlavonic seSonto, kepha yashicilelwa phesheya.
Ngokomyalo ka-Ivan the Terrible, umphathi waseDenmark ogama lakhe linguHans Messingheim walethwa eRussia. Kwakungaphansi kobuholi bakhe lapho kwakhiwa khona indlu yokuqala yokuphrinta esifundazweni.
Ngemuva kwalokho, imishini ehambisana nezincwadi yathunyelwa ivela ePoland, lapho kwaqala khona ukunyathelisa izincwadi.
Ngo-1563, i-tsar yavula iMoscow Printing House, eyayisekelwa ngumgcinimafa kahulumeni. Ngonyaka ozayo incwadi edumile ethi "Apostle" ka-Ivan Fedorov izophrintwa lapha.
Ngemuva "koMphostoli" sekushicilelwa incwadi ethi "The Book of Hours". UFedorov wayebandakanyeke ngqo ekushicilelweni kwemisebenzi yomibili, njengoba kufakazelwa ngamaqiniso amaningi.
Kwamukelwa ngokujwayelekile ukuthi u-Ivan the Terrible wakhomba uFedorov njengomfundi kaMessingheim ukuze athole ulwazi.
Ngaleso sikhathi, isonto lalihlukile esakhiweni sesonto lesimanje. Abapristi babebandakanyeka ngenkuthalo ekufundiseni abantu, ngenxa yalokho zonke izincwadi zokufunda zazixhumene ngandlela thile nemibhalo engcwele.
Siyazi ngemibhalo ethembekile ukuthi iMoscow Printing House yashiswa iphindelela. Lokhu kuthiwa bekungenxa yomsebenzi wezindela ezingababhali, ezilahlekelwe yimali evela embonini yokushicilela izincwadi.
Ngo-1568, ngomyalo ka-Ivan the Terrible, uFedorov wathuthela eGrand Duchy yaseLithuania.
Endleleni, umshicileli wencwadi waseRussia wama esifundeni saseGrodnyansky, endlini yesosha langaphambili uGrigory Khodkevich. Lapho uChodkevich ethola ukuthi ngubani isivakashi sakhe, yena, njengesikhulu esibambile, wacela uFedorov ukuba asize ukuvula indlu yokuphrinta yendawo.
Inkosi yasiphendula isicelo futhi ngonyaka ofanayo, edolobheni laseZabludovo, kwavulwa kahle igceke lokunyathelisa.
Ngaphansi kobuholi buka-Ivan Fedorov, le ndlu yokuphrinta yanyathelisa eyokuqala, futhi empeleni yincwadi kuphela - "IVangeli Lothisha". Lokhu kwenzeka enkathini ka-1568-1569.
Ngokushesha indawo yokushicilela yaphela. Lokhu kudalwe yisimo sezepolitiki. Ngo-1569 kwaphothulwa i-Union of Lublin, eyaba nomthelela ekwakheni i-Commonwealth.
Yonke le micimbi ayizange imjabulise kakhulu u-Ivan Fedorov, owayefuna ukuqhubeka nokushicilela izincwadi. Ngalesi sizathu, unquma ukuya eLviv ayokwakha indlu yakhe yokuphrinta lapho.
Lapho efika eLviv, uFedorov akatholanga mpendulo evela ezikhulwini zendawo mayelana nokuvulwa kwegceke lokuphrinta. Ngasikhathi sinye, abefundisi bendawo benqaba nokuxhasa ngezimali ukwakhiwa kwendlu yokuphrinta, bakhetha ukubalwa kwezincwadi ngezandla.
Noma kunjalo, u-Ivan Fedorov ukwazile ukukhipha inani elithile lemali, elamvumela ukuthi afeze inhloso yakhe. Ngenxa yalokho, waqala ukunyathelisa nokuthengisa izincwadi.
Ngo-1570 uFedorov washicilela i-Psalter. Ngemuva kweminyaka engu-5 waba yinhloko ye-Derman Holy Trinity Monastery, kodwa ngemuva kweminyaka engu-2 waqala ukwakha enye indlu yokuphrinta ngokuxhaswa yiNkosana uKonstantin Ostrozhsky.
Indlu yokuphrinta yase-Ostroh isebenze ngempumelelo, ikhipha imisebenzi emisha eyengeziwe efana ne "Alphabet", "Primer" kanye ne "Greek-Russian Church Slavonic book yokufunda." Ngo-1581, kwashicilelwa i-Ostrog Bible edumile.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, u-Ivan Fedorov wabeka indodana yakhe ukuba iphathe indlu yokunyathelisa, futhi yena nohambo lwakhe lwebhizinisi baya emazweni ahlukahlukene aseYurophu.
Kulolo hambo, ingcweti yaseRussia yabelana ngolwazi lwayo nabanyathelisi bezincwadi bakwamanye amazwe. Wayefuna ukuthuthukisa ukunyatheliswa kwezincwadi futhi azenze zitholakale kubantu abaningi ngangokunokwenzeka.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Asazi lutho ngokuphila komuntu ka-Ivan Fedorov, ngaphandle kokuthi wayeshadile futhi enamadodana amabili.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi indodana yakhe endala nayo yaba ngumshicileli wencwadi onekhono.
UmkaFedorov washona ngaphambi kokuba umyeni wakhe ashiye eMoscow. Abanye ababhali bama-master baveza umbono wokuthi lona wesifazane kuthiwa washona ngesikhathi kuzalwa indodana yakhe yesibili, nayo engazange isinde.
Ukufa
U-Ivan Fedorov wadlula emhlabeni ngoDisemba 5 (15), 1583. Ushone phakathi nolunye uhambo lwakhe lwebhizinisi e-Europe.
Isidumbu sikaFedorov sayiswa eLvov futhi sangcwatshwa emathuneni eSonto LaseSt. Onuphrius.
