Ukuthengiswa kwe-Alaska - isivumelwano phakathi kohulumeni boMbuso WaseRussia kanye ne-United States, okwathi ngo-1867 iRussia yathengisa impahla yayo eNyakatho Melika (enendawo ephelele engu-1,518,800 km²) ngamaRandi ayizigidi eziyi-7.2.
Kukholakala kabanzi eRussia ukuthi i-Alaska ayithengiswanga empeleni, kepha yaqashiswa iminyaka engama-99. Noma kunjalo, le nguqulo ayisekelwa yinoma yimaphi amaqiniso athembekile, ngoba isivumelwano asihlinzeki ngokubuyiselwa kwezindawo nempahla.
Ingemuva
Okwezwe Elidala, i-Alaska yatholwa wuhambo lwaseRussia olwaluholwa nguMikhail Gvozdev no-Ivan Fedorov ngo-1732. Ngenxa yalokho, le ndawo yayiphethwe uMbuso WaseRussia.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ekuqaleni umbuso awuzange ubambe iqhaza ekuthuthukiseni i-Alaska. Nokho, kamuva, ngo-1799, le nhloso yadalwa ngenxa yale njongo - Russian-American Company (RAC). Ngesikhathi sokuthengisa, bambalwa kakhulu abantu ababehlala kule nsimu enkulu.
Ngokwe-RAC, cishe abantu baseRussia abangaba ngu-2 500 kanye namaNdiya nama-Eskimo angaba ngu-60 000 babehlala lapha. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, i-Alaska yaletha inzuzo kumgcinimafa ngokuhweba ngoboya, kepha maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka isimo sasishintshile.
Lokhu kwakuhlotshaniswa nezindleko eziphezulu zokuvikela nokunakekelwa kwamazwe akude. Lokho wukuthi, umbuso usebenzise imali eningi kakhulu ukuvikela nokugcina i-Alaska, kunokuthola inzuzo yezomnotho kuyo. UMbusi-Jikelele waseMpumalanga Siberia uNikolai Muravyov-Amursky wayengowokuqala phakathi kwezikhulu zaseRussia ezathi, ngo-1853, zathembisa ukuthengisa i-Alaska.
Le ndoda ichaze ukuma kwayo ngokuthi ukuthengiswa kwale mihlaba akunakugwenywa ngezizathu eziningi. Ngaphezu kwezindleko ezibalulekile zokugcina lesi sifunda, wanaka kakhulu ubudlova obukhulayo kanye nentshisekelo e-Alaska evela e-UK.
Ephelelisa inkulumo yakhe, uMuraviev-Amursky wenze enye impikiswano evumayo esekela ukuthengisa i-Alaska. Uphikise, ngaphandle kwesizathu, ukuthi ujantshi okhula ngokushesha wojantshi uzovumela i-United States kungekudala ukuthi isabalale kuyo yonke iSt. America, ngenxa yalokho iRussia ingahle ilahlekelwe yilezi zinto.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaleyo minyaka, ubudlelwano phakathi koMbuso WaseRussia neBrithani buya ngokuya buba bucayi futhi kwesinye isikhathi budlanga obala. Isibonelo salokhu kwaba ukungqubuzana phakathi neMpi YaseCrimea.
Khona-ke imikhumbi yase-United Kingdom yazama ukufika ePetropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. Ngakho-ke, amathuba okuxabana ngqo neGreat Britain eMelika aba ngokoqobo.
Izingxoxo zokuthengisa
Ngokusemthethweni, isithembiso sokuthengisa i-Alaska savela esithunyweni saseRussia esiya eMelika, uBaron Eduard Stekl, kepha umsunguli wokuthenga / ukuthengisa kwakunguPrince Konstantin Nikolaevich, umfowabo omncane ka-Alexander II.
Le nkinga yaphakanyiswa ngo-1857, kepha ukubhekelelwa kwesivumelwano kwadingeka kuhlehliswe ngenxa yezizathu eziningi, kufaka phakathi iMpi Yombango yaseMelika.
Ekupheleni kuka-1866, u-Alexander II wabiza umhlangano owawuhanjelwe yizikhulu eziphezulu. Ngemuva kwengxoxo eyakhayo, ababambe iqhaza emhlanganweni bavumelana ngokudayiswa kwe-Alaska. Baphetha ngokuthi i-Alaska ingaya eMelika ngemali engengaphansi kwezigidi ezingama- $ 5 ngegolide.
Ngemuva kwalokho, kwaba nomhlangano webhizinisi wamanxusa aseMelika nawaseRussia, lapho kwaxoxwa khona ngemigomo yokuthenga nokuthengisa. Lokhu kuholele ekutheni ngoMashi 18, 1867, uMongameli Andrew Johnson wavuma ukuthola i-Alaska eRussia ngemali engange- $ 7.2 million.
Ukusayinwa kwesivumelwano sokuthengiswa kwe-Alaska
Isivumelwano sokuthengiswa kwe-Alaska sasayinwa ngoMashi 30, 1867 enhlokodolobha yase-United States. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi isivumelwano sasayinwa ngesiNgisi nangesiFulentshi, okwabe sekuthiwa "ngezokuxhumana".
U-Alexander 2 yena wabeka isiginesha yakhe embhalweni ngoMeyi 3 (15) wangonyaka ofanayo. Ngokwesivumelwano, inhlonhlo yase-Alaska kanye neziqhingi eziningi ezingaphakathi kwendawo yayo yamanzi zahoxiswa kwabaseMelika. Indawo ephelele yomhlaba yayicishe ibe yi-1,519,000 km².
Ngakho-ke, uma senza izibalo ezilula, kuvela ukuthi i-1 km² ibiza iMelika kuphela ama- $ 4.73 kuphela. Kubalulekile ukuthi wazi ukuthi kanye nalokhu, i-United States yathola ifa lazo zonke izakhiwo, kanye nemibhalo esemthethweni neyomlando ephathelene nomhlaba othengisiwe.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ngesikhathi esifanayo lapho i-Alaska ithengiswa khona, i-District Courthouse enezitezi ezintathu kuphela yedolobha laseNew York yabiza uhulumeni wezwe ngaphezu kukahulumeni wase-US - i-Alaska yonke.
NgoLwesihlanu 6 (18) Okthoba 1867, i-Alaska yaba yingxenye ye-United States of America ngokusemthethweni. Ngosuku olufanayo, ikhalenda likaGregory elalisebenza e-United States lalethwa lapha.
Umphumela wezomnotho wokwenziwe
Okwe-USA
Ochwepheshe abaningi baseMelika bakholelwa ukuthi ukuthengwa kwe-Alaska kudlule izindleko zayo zokunakekelwa. Kodwa-ke, abanye ochwepheshe banombono ohluke ngokuphelele.
Ngokubona kwabo, ukuthengwa kwe-Alaska kudlale indima enhle e-United States. Ngokweminye imibiko, ngo-1915, kwakukumbiwa kwegolide okukodwa kuphela e-Alaska okugcwalise umgcinimafa ngamaRandi ayizigidi ezingama-200. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amathumbu ayo aqukethe izinsiza eziningi eziwusizo, ezihlanganisa isiliva, ithusi namalahle, kanye namahlathi amakhulu.
OkweRussia
Imali etholwe ngokuthengiswa kwe-Alaska isetshenziselwe ukuthenga izesekeli zikaloliwe zaphesheya kwezilwandle.
Izithombe zabahlanganyeli ekuthengisweni kwe-Alaska
