USocrates

USocrates - isazi sefilosofi sasendulo esingumGreki esenza uguquko kufilosofi. Ngendlela yakhe eyingqayizivele yokuhlaziya imiqondo (maieutics, dialectics), wadonsela ukunaka kwezazi zefilosofi hhayi kuphela ekuqondeni ubuntu bomuntu, kepha nasekuthuthukisweni kolwazi lwethiyori njengendlela ehamba phambili yokucabanga.

I-biography kaSocrates igcwele amaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo. Sichaze okuthandeka kakhulu kubo ku-athikili ehlukile.

Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwakho kune-biography emfushane kaSocrates.

I-biography kaSocrates

Usuku oluqondile lokuzalwa kukaSocrates alwaziwa. Kukholakala ukuthi wazalwa ngo-469 BC. e-Athene. Wakhula futhi wakhulela emndenini womqophi ogama lakhe linguSofronisk.

Unina kaSocrates, uPhanareta, wayengumbelethisi. Isazi sefilosofi sasinomfowabo osekhulile, uPatroclus, lowo inhloko yomndeni eyanikela inqwaba yefa lakhe.

Ubuntwana nentsha

USocrates wazalwa ngo-6 Fargelion, ngosuku "olungcolile", olwabamba iqhaza elibalulekile emlandweni wakhe. Ngokuya ngemithetho yangaleso sikhathi, waba ngumfundisi impilo yonke kahulumeni wase-Athene ngaphandle kokuqukethwe.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, esikhathini sasendulo, uSocrates wayenganikelwa ngokuvumelana ngokuvumelana komhlangano odumile. AmaGreki asendulo ayekholelwa ukuthi ngale ndlela umhlatshelo unikele ekuxazululeni izinkinga emphakathini.

Ekukhuleni kwakhe, uSocrates wathola ulwazi oluvela kuDamon, uConon, uZeno, u-Anaxagoras no-Archelaus. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe umcabangi akazange abhale incwadi eyodwa.

Eqinisweni, i-biography kaSocrates izinkumbulo zabafundi bakhe nabalandeli, phakathi kwabo kwakukhona u-Aristotle odumile.

Ngaphezu kokuthanda isayensi nefilosofi, uSocrates wabamba iqhaza elikhulu ekuvikeleni izwe lakubo. Wabamba iqhaza emikhankasweni yezempi amahlandla ama-3, ekhombisa isibindi esinomona enkundleni yempi. Kukhona icala elaziwayo lapho esindisa impilo yomkhuzi wakhe u-Alcibiades.

Ifilosofi kaSocrates

USocrates wachaza yonke imicabango yakhe ngomlomo, wakhetha ukungayibhali phansi. Ngokubona kwakhe, ukuqoshwa okunjalo kuqede inkumbulo futhi kwaba nomthelela ekulahlekelweni kwencazelo yaleli noma lelo qiniso.

Ifilosofi yakhe yayisuselwa emiqondweni yokuziphatha kanye nokubonakaliswa okuhle kobuhle, kufaka phakathi ulwazi, isibindi nokwethembeka.

USocrates wathi ulwazi luyisidima. Uma umuntu engakwazi ukubona ingqikithi yemiqondo ethile, khona-ke ngeke akwazi ukuba nobuhle, ukukhombisa isibindi, ukwethembeka, uthando, njll.

Abafundi bakaSocrates, uPlato noXenophon, bachaze imibono yomcabangi ngesimo sengqondo sobubi ngezindlela ezihlukile. Owokuqala wathi uSocrates wayenombono ongemuhle ngobubi noma ngabe ububhekiswe esitheni. Owesibili wathi uSocrates wavumela ububi uma kwenzeka ngenhloso yokuvikela.

Ukuhumusha okunjalo okuphikisanayo kwezitatimende kuchazwa ngendlela yokufundisa eyayivela kuSocrates. Njengomthetho, wayekhulumisana nabafundi ngezingxoxo, ngoba iqiniso lalizalwa ngale ndlela yokuxhumana.

Ngalesi sizathu, isosha uSocrates lakhuluma nomphathi u-Xenophon ngempi futhi baxoxa ngobubi ngezibonelo zokulwa nesitha. UPlato, nokho, wayengumuntu wase-Athene onokuthula, ngakho-ke isazi sefilosofi sakha izingxoxo ezihluke ngokuphelele naye, sisebenzisa ezinye izibonelo.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngaphezu kwezingxoxo, ifilosofi kaSocrates yayinokuhlukahluka okuningi okuphawulekayo, kufaka phakathi:

uhlobo lwesigodi, oluhlangene lokufuna iqiniso;
kwencazelo imiqondo ngendlela inductive, kusukela ikakhulukazi jikelele;
sesha iqiniso ngosizo lwama-maieutics - ubuciko bokukhipha ulwazi olufihlwe kumuntu ngamunye ngemibuzo eholayo.

Lapho uSocrates efuna ukuthola iqiniso, wabuza imbangi yakhe uchungechunge lwemibuzo, okwathi ngemuva kwalokho lo msizi washo waduka futhi wafinyelela eziphethweni ezingalindelekile. Futhi, umcabangi wayekuthanda ukwakha inkhulumomphendvulwano evela kokuphikisanayo, ngenxa yalokho umphikisi wakhe aqala ukuphikisana "namaqiniso" akhe.

USocrates wayebhekwa njengomunye wabantu abahlakaniphe kakhulu, kanti yena ngokwakhe wayengacabangi kanjalo. Isisho esidumile sesiGreki sisasinda kuze kube yilolu suku:

"Ngiyazi nje ukuthi angazi lutho, kodwa nabanye abazi lokhu."

USocrates akazange afune ukuveza umuntu njengesilima noma ukumbeka esimweni esinzima. Wayefuna ukuthola iqiniso kumuntu ayekhuluma naye. Ngakho-ke, yena nezilaleli zakhe bangachaza imiqondo ejulile enjengobulungiswa, ukwethembeka, ubuqili, ububi, okuhle neminye eminingi.

U-Aristotle, owayengumfundi kaPlato, wanquma ukuchaza indlela yeSocrates. Uthe impikiswano eyisisekelo yeSocrate yile:

"Ubuhle bomuntu yisimo sengqondo."

USocrates wayejabulela igunya elikhulu kubantu bakubo, ngenxa yalokho ababevame ukuza kuye ukuthola ulwazi. Ngasikhathi sinye, akazange afundise abalandeli bakhe ubugagu noma umsebenzi wobuciko.

Isazi sefilosofi sikhuthaze abafundi baso ukuthi bakhombise ubuhle kubantu, futhi ikakhulukazi kubathandekayo babo.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi uSocrates akazange azikhokhele izimfundiso zakhe, okwadala ukunganeliseki kubantu abaningi base-Athene. Lokhu kwakudalwa ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi izingane zazifundiswa ngabazali bazo. Kodwa-ke, lapho abantu abasha bezwa ngokuhlakanipha komuntu wakubo, bagijimela ukuthola ulwazi kuye.

Isizukulwane esidala sathukuthela, ngenxa yalokho kwavela isimangalo esibulalayo sikaSocrates "sentsha eyonakalisayo".

Abantu abavuthiwe baphikisana ngokuthi umuntu ocabangayo ujikisa abantu abasha ukuba bavukele abazali babo, futhi abuye abeke imibono eyingozi kubo.

Elinye iphuzu elaholela ekufeni kukaSocrates kwakuwukumangalelwa ngokungahloniphi uNkulunkulu nangokukhulekela abanye onkulunkulu. Uveze ukuthi akulungile ukwahlulela umuntu ngezenzo zakhe, ngoba ububi benzeka ngenxa yokungazi.

Ngasikhathi sinye, kukhona indawo enhle emphefumulweni wabo bonke abantu, futhi umphathi wamademoni uhlobene nayo yonke imiphefumulo.

Izwi laleli dimoni, namuhla abaningi abangalichaza ngokuthi "ingelosi egadayo", ngezikhathi ezithile lakuhlebela uSocrates ukuthi kufanele aziphathe kanjani ezimweni ezinzima.

Idemoni "lasiza" uSocrates ezimweni ezinzima kakhulu, ngakho-ke akakwazanga ukungamlaleli. Abase-Athene bathatha leli dimoni elalibavikela labaletha unkulunkulu omusha, okusolwa ukuthi lo mfihlakalo wayemkhulekela.

Impilo yomuntu siqu

Kuze kube yiminyaka engama-37, azikho izehlakalo ezisezingeni eliphakeme ezenzeka ku-biography kaSocrates. Lapho ama-Alcibiades eqala ukubusa, lowo mcabangi amsindisile ngesikhathi elwa nabaseSpartan, izakhamizi zase-Athene zazinesinye isizathu sokummangalela.

Ngaphambi kokufika komkhuzi u-Alcibiades, intando yeningi yachuma e-Athene, ngemuva kwalokho kwasungulwa ubushiqela. Ngokwemvelo, amaGreki amaningi ayengajabule ngeqiniso lokuthi uSocrates wake wasindisa impilo yomlawuli.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi isazi sefilosofi uqobo lwaso selokhu safuna ukuvikela abantu abalahlwe ngokungafanele. Ngokwamandla akhe onke, waphikisana nabamele uhulumeni okhona njengamanje.

Kakade esekhulile, uSocrates washada noXanthippe, okwakukhona kuye amadodana amaningana. Kwamukelwa ngokujwayelekile ukuthi unkosikazi wayengenandaba nokuhlakanipha komyeni wakhe, ehlukile ngesimilo sakhe esibi.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uXanthippus angaqondakala ukuthi bonke uSocrates cishe akazange abambe iqhaza empilweni yomndeni, akazange asebenze futhi wazama ukuhola indlela yokuphila yokuzincisha.

Wayehamba emigwaqweni egqoke izigqoko futhi exoxa ngamaqiniso ahlukene nalabo ayekhuluma nabo. Unkosikazi ubethuka umyeni wakhe ephindelela esidlangalaleni waze wasebenzisa nezibhakela zakhe.

USocrates welulekwe ukuthi axoshe lo mama onenkani owamhlazisa ezindaweni zomphakathi, kodwa wamamatheka kuphela wathi: "Bengifuna ukufunda ubuciko bokuzwana nabantu futhi ngashada noXanthippe ngokuzethemba ukuthi uma ngikwazi ukubekezelela ulaka lwakhe, ngingamelana nanoma yibaphi abalingiswa."

Ukufa kukaSocrates

Siyazi futhi ngokufa kwesazi sefilosofi esikhulu ngenxa yemisebenzi kaPlato noXenophon. Abase-Athene basola abantu bakubo ngokungazi onkulunkulu futhi bonakalisa intsha.

USocrates wenqaba umvikeli, wathi uzozivikela. Uziphikile zonke izinsolo abekwa zona. Ngaphezu kwalokho wenqabile ukukhipha inhlawulo njengenye indlela yokujezisa, yize ngokomthetho wayenelungelo lokwenza lokho.

USocrates ubuye wanqabela abangani bakhe ukuthi bamenzele idiphozithi. Uchaze lokhu ngokuthi ukukhokha inhlawulo kuzosho ukuvuma icala.

Ngaphambi nje kokushona kwakhe, abangane bathembisa uSocrates ukuthi ahlele indlela yokuphunyuka, kodwa wakwenqaba ngokusobala lokhu. Uthe ukufa kuzomthola kuyo yonke indawo, ngakho-ke akusizi ukuyibalekela.

Ngezansi ungabona umdwebo odumile "Ukufa kukaSocrates":

I-Thinker yakhetha ukubulawa ngokuthatha ubuthi. USocrates washona ngo-399 eneminyaka engaba ngu-70. Yile ndlela esafa ngayo esinye sezazi zefilosofi ezinkulu emlandweni wesintu.