Isazi sefilosofi saseRussia uMikhail Bakhtin wabheka leli holide njengohlobo oluyinhloko lwesiko lomuntu. Ngempela, kunzima impela ukuthatha ikhefu emsebenzini wansuku zonke, ukuhlala nje etafuleni lomkhosi (itshe, noma isikhumba). Ngandlela thile, ezinsukwini lapho abantu bakudala babengazingeli noma bengakhathalele ukudla nganoma iyiphi enye indlela, bekufanele ngabe baqale ukuthuthukisa amakhono okuxhumana angahlobene ngqo nokusinda. Izinganekwane, izingoma, nezinye izinhlobo zobuciko kancane kancane zaqala ukuvela. Amaholide aqala ukuhlukanisa, andisa futhi ajulisa ungqimba lwamasiko.
Amaholide abuye athonya ukuvela kwesayensi. Ukunqunywa ngqo kwezinsuku ezithile noma izinkathi zesikhathi kwakudinga ulwazi lwesayensi yezinkanyezi, futhi ukusuka lapho kwakungekude ngaphambi kokudalwa kwekhalenda. Imicikilisho yamaholide yayidinga okuqukethwe okungajwayelekile okuhlukile kokungokwemvelo, ngakho-ke, kwavela amaholidi angaphandle abengahlobene nezehlakalo zemvelo. Incazelo yabo yayidinga ukuhunyushwa - manje akukude nenkolo ehlelekile ehlelekile.
Futhi masingakhohlwa ngokupheka. Akunakwenzeka ukuthi kuzokwazi ukulandelela izinqubo zokubonakala kweziningi zezitsha "zemikhosi", kepha kunengqondo ukucabanga ukuthi vele ezikhathini zasendulo okhokho bethu bazama ukwehlukanisa itafula ngezinsuku zokuphumula ngokudla okuthile okungajwayelekile noma okulungiselelwe ngendlela ekhethekile. Ngokudlula kwamakhulu eminyaka nokuqiniswa kokuhlukaniswa kwempahla yomphakathi, amasiko okupheka asesuswe kancane emgomeni wamaholide. Kodwa-ke, akekho noyedwa ozophikisana neqiniso lokuthi ekhaya lesigidigidi nasemakhaya abampofu, izitsha zamaholide zihlukile kwezansuku zonke.
1. Ngokuya ngokuqukethwe kwayo kwangaphakathi, imikhosi yaseNingizimu Melika ngamaholide afana ne-Shrovetide yethu, ayinangqondo kangako ngokudluliselwa e-Southern Hemisphere. I-Shrovetide ye-Orthodox isho ukubona ubusika, ukuqeda amaholide asebusika ngokudla kwabo okuningi nemikhosi, nokulungiselela i-Great Lent. EBrazil efanayo, i-carnival yenzeka nangaphambi kweLente - ihlala njalo ngoLwesibili, futhi ukuzila ukudla kuqala ngoLwesithathu, okubizwa ngokuthi i-Ash. Kodwa eSeningizimu Nenkabazwe, umkhosi womkhosi uphawula ukufika kobusika, hhayi ukuphela kwabo. Ngendlela, umkhosi omkhulu kakhulu wenani labahlanganyeli awenzeki eRio de Janeiro, kodwa edolobheni laseSalvador da Bahia.
2. Enye i-analogue kaMaslenitsa yenzeka e-USA futhi minyaka yonke iqoqa izinkulungwane zabahlanganyeli. Imayelana neMardi Gras - umkhosi eNew Orleans. Lo mcimbi omibalabala uholwa yinkosi nendlovukazi yalo mgubho, bephonsa izinhlamvu zemali namaswidi besuka endaweni yesikhulumi esikhulu. Isiko nenkosi lavela ngemuva kokuthi u-Grand Duke wase-Russia u-Alexei avakashele eMardi Gras ngo-1872, futhi abagqugquzeli bamnika ipulatifomu ekhethekile enegama elithi "King".
3. I-Carnival ingafaniswa ne-Halloween. Yomibili imikhosi ibanjwa ngemuva kokuvuna futhi ifanekisela ukuguquka kusuka ehlobo kuye ebusika. Okungenani phakathi kwamaqaba ahlala eBritish Isles, i-Halloween yayingenayo enye incazelo. Ngokufika kobuKristu, lo mgubho waba nencazelo entsha. U-Okthoba 31 usuku olwandulela uSuku Lwabangcwele Bonke. Amasiko e-Halloween ashintshe kancane kancane. Ukucela iziphuzo kwaqala endaweni ethile ngekhulu le-16, izibani zamathanga zavela engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-19 (ngaphambi kokuba lezo zibani zenziwe nge-turnips noma ama-beet), futhi baqala ukuhlela izindwendwe zezingubo ngisho nangemva kwesikhathi.
4. “Ukuthunjwa” kukamakoti ngaphambi kokuqala komgubho womshado akulona ilungelo elikhethekile labantu basezintabeni. Inqubo yamanje, lapho umkhwenyana nabangane bakhe beza ekhaya lakhe bezolanda umakoti futhi bakhokhe isihlengo esingokomfanekiso, inezimpande ezifanayo. Ukuthi nje ngaphambili indima yama-limousine ibidlalwa ngamahhashi kanye ne-troika, lapho omakoti bathathwa khona ekhaya labo.
5. EGreat Britain nakwamanye amazwe ayengaphansi kwayo, isimo esimangazayo sesikhule ngokugujwa kosuku lokuzalwa kwendlovukazi (noma inkosi). EBritish Isles, ibungazwa hhayi ngosuku lokuzalwa langempela lomuntu obusayo, kodwa igujwa komunye weMigqibelo emithathu yokuqala ngoJuni. Yikuphi - inkosi uqobo enquma, ngokuvamile kuya ngesimo sezulu. U-Edward VII waqala isiko ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Wazalwa ngoNovemba futhi wayengafuni ukusingatha umbukiso wendabuko ekwindla ebandayo yaseLondon. E-Australia, leli holide lenzeka engxenyeni yesibili kaJuni, eCanada - ngoMsombuluko wesithathu ngoMeyi, naseNew Zealand, iNdlovukazi ihalaliselwa ngoMsombuluko wokuqala wehlobo.
6. IGuy Fawkes Night Festival (Novemba 5) eGreat Britain yaziwa kakhulu ngenxa yamafilimu nezincwadi, futhi wonke umuntu wake wayibona okungenani kanye le nto ebizwa ngokuthi "Isifihla-buso Esingaziwa." Akukaziwa kangako ukuthi eminyakeni yokuqala yokugubha izikhumbuzo zeminyaka yokukhululwa kwenkosi nephalamende ekuqhumeni okukhulu, ngaphezu kweziqhumane, izilwane ezazigcwele uPapa zashiswa, futhi lapho isilwane esigxishwe kanjalo sasigcwele amakati aphilayo.
7. Izwe "eligubha" kakhulu emhlabeni yi-Argentina, lapho izinsuku ezingama-19 ezingasebenzi, ezibhekwa njengamaholide omphakathi, zibekwa ngokusemthethweni ekhalendeni. Futhi eBrazil eyakhelene kunamaholide omphakathi ama-5 kuphela, kanye namaNdiya, abaseBrazil bangazibheka njengesizwe esisebenza kanzima kakhulu. I-Russia yabelana ngezindawo ezi-6-7 neMalaysia ngamaholide asemthethweni ayi-14.
8. Isinqumo sokumisa uMashi 8 njengoSuku Lomhlaba Wonke Lwabesifazane samukelwa ngo-1921 engqungqutheleni yabesifazane yamaKhomanisi II. Usuku lwalubekelwe ukuhlonipha imibhikisho yokuqala emikhulu elwa nohulumeni ngonyaka we-1917 enhlokodolobha yaseRussia iPetrograd. Ngemuva kwalokho, le midlalo iholele ekuthunjweni kukaNicholas II nokuvela kweSoviet Russia. Usuku lwabesifazane lwalugujwa kabanzi emazweni aseduze ne-USSR. UMashi 8 waba usuku lokuphumula e-USSR ngo-1966. Ngaphezu kweRussia, uSuku Lwabesifazane Lwamazwe Ngamazwe manje alusebenzi eKenya, North Korea, Madagascar, Guinea-Bissau, Eritrea, Uganda, Mongolia, Zambia, nakwamanye amazwe aseSoviet. ELaos, ubulili obulungile kuphela obunikezwa usuku lokuphumula, kuthi eChina, ngoMashi 8, abesifazane basebenze amatoho.
9. UKhisimusi ugujwa emazweni amaningi omhlaba, kodwa inani lezinsuku zokuphumula lihlukile. Emazweni ayi-14, kubandakanya neRussia, baphumula usuku olulodwa. Kwamanye amazwe angama-20, izinsuku ezimbili azisebenzi ngoKhisimusi. Emazweni ayisishiyagalombili aseYurophu, uKhisimusi ugujwa ngezinsuku ezintathu. Ngasikhathi sinye, eBelarus, e-Ukraine naseMoldova, uKhisimusi wamaKatolika (uDisemba 25) kanye neholide lama-Orthodox ngoJanuwari 7 kubhekwa njengamaholide.
10. Usuku lokuzalwa lungaba yiholide elidabukisayo ngempela. Ucwaningo olwenziwe ngabaphenyi e-University of Chicago eminyakeni embalwa eyedlule luthole ukuthi abantu abalinganiselwa cishe ku-7% bayafa ngosuku lwabo lokuzalwa kunangezinye izinsuku. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinga lokufa elinyukayo alibonwa kuphela engxenyeni yezingozi ezihambisana nokugubha nokuphuza utshwala, kodwa naphakathi kokuzibulala. Ngokusobala, kunzima kakhulu ukubekezelela isizungu ngeholide.
11. Unyaka Omusha Omdala eRussia ubukhona kusukela endulo, ngoba uNyaka Omusha ngokwawo uyiholide elingazinzile ohlelweni lwekhalenda, futhi kuhlala kukhona abantu abangalwamukeli ushintsho. Kusukela ngesikhathi sokubhabhadiswa kweRussia kuze kufike ku-Ivan III, uNyaka Omusha wawugujwa ngoMashi 1, kepha iMaslenitsa, lapho uNyaka Omusha wawugujwa khona phambilini, nayo yahlala iyiholide elibalulekile. U-Ivan III uhlehlisele lo mkhosi umhlaka-1 Septhemba, futhi-ke, abasekeli bosuku lukaMashi basala. Futhi nangaphansi kukaPeter I, owayengakwazi ukubekezelela ukungalaleli, ukuhlehliselwa iholidi ngoJanuwari 1 kwamukelwa ngokububula. Unyaka Omusha Omdala okhona uvele ngo-1918 ngemuva kokushintshwa kwekhalenda.
12. Usuku Lokunqoba e-USSR / eRussia lugujwa minyaka yonke ngoMeyi 9, kepha lolu suku bekungelona usuku lokuphumula njalo. Kusukela ngo-1948 kuya ku-1965, uMeyi 9 kwakuwusuku lokusebenza, futhi izizathu zalokhu aziqondakali kahle. Uhlobo u-Stalin ayenomona ngalo ngenkazimulo ka-GK Zhukov lubukeka luyindida - kumaqiniso aleyo minyaka, uStalin noZhukov babengamanani angenakuqhathaniswa ngokuthandwa. Mhlawumbe, bathathe isinqumo sokwenza lo mkhosi ube mncane ngemuva kokubona ubukhulu bokulahleka kwabantu nokucekelwa phansi komnotho. Futhi eminyakeni engama-20 kuphela ngemuva kokunqoba, lapho amanxeba enkumbulo ephola kancane, leli holidi laqala ukuthola isikali esihle.
Umbukiso wendabuko wokuhlonipha uSuku Lokunqoba
13. Kusukela ngo-1928 kuya ku-2004, uMeyi 2 bekungusuku lokuphumula - uhlobo "lwenqola" eya kwi-Day of International Workers 'Solidarity ngoMeyi 1. Lapho-ke usuku lweholide lukaNovemba 7 - uSuku lweGreat October Socialist Revolution - lwaphela ukuba khona. UMay Day uhlale eyiholidi, kepha walahlekelwa ukunambitheka kwemibono yakhe - manje sekuwuSuku Lwabasebenzi kuphela. Leli holide lithandwa kakhulu emhlabeni wonke - uMeyi 1 uyiholide lomphakathi emazweni amaningi kuwo wonke amazwekazi.
Umbukiso kaMay Day e-USSR
14. Ngokuphikisana nenkolelo evamile, amaBolsheviks awakhansele ngokushesha impelasonto ngamaholide esonto. Kuze kube ngo-1928, izinsuku ezingasebenzi kwakuyizinsuku ezintathu ngePhasika, i-Ascension of the Lord, i-Day of Spirits (ngoJuni 4), i-Transfiguration of the Lord noKhisimusi. Kodwa-ke amaholide esonto anyamalala ekhalendeni lezwe isikhathi eside. Mangisho ukuthi ayembalwa amaholide ngokujwayelekile kwaze kwaba ngo-1965: Unyaka Omusha, uMay Day, isikhumbuzo senguquko nosuku loMthethosisekelo. Kusukela ngo-1992, uKhisimusi ubuyele ekhalendeni, futhi usuku olulandela iPhasika selube usuku lokuphumula.
15. kugujwa amaholide angu-174 eRussia. Zisatshalaliswa ngokungalingani ekhalendeni. Ngakho-ke, ngoJanuwari kwakukhona amaholide amane kuphela, ngoFebhuwari 3, nango-Okthoba kungumkhosi wabasebenzi bezinto ezingama-29. Kuyacaca ukuthi ngamaholide amaningi kangaka kunzima ukugwema ukuqondana kwezinto. Kunamaholide amabili obuchwepheshe izinsuku ezimbalwa, futhi, ngokwesibonelo, ngo-Agasti 1, 2018, kwakukhona amaholide amathathu ngasikhathi sinye: Usuku Langemuva, Usuku Lomqoqi kanye Nosuku lokwakhiwa kwensizakalo yezokuxhumana ekhethekile. Futhi uSuku lwe-accountant ngandlela thile ngokungaqondakali luhambisana nosuku lomsebenzi wokuhlolwa kwentela.
