Isinkwa umqondo ongaqondakali ngokweqile. Igama lomkhiqizo wetafula owenziwe ngofulawa lingafana negama elithi "impilo", kwesinye isikhathi lilingana nomqondo "weholo", noma "nomholo". Ngisho ngokwendawo nje, imikhiqizo ekude kakhulu komunye nomunye ingabizwa ngesinkwa.
Umlando wesinkwa ubuyela emuva eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eyedlule, yize ukwethulwa kwabantu kulesi sizwe esibaluleke kakhulu bekuhamba kancane. Kwenye indawo isinkwa esibhakiwe sadliwa eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eyedlule, kanti abaseScots bahlula ibutho lamaNgisi ngekhulu le-17 ngenxa yokuthi babesuthi - bazibhakela amakhekhe e-oat ematsheni ashisayo, nabanumzane baseNgilandi babulawa yindlala, belinde ukulethwa kwesinkwa esibhakiwe.
Isimo esikhethekile ngesinkwa eRussia, esasingavami ukondliwa kahle. Ingqikithi yayo isisho esithi "Kuzoba khona isinkwa nengoma!" Kuzoba nesinkwa, amaRussia azothola konke okunye. Ngeke kube khona isinkwa - izisulu, njengoba izimo zendlala nokuvinjelwa kombukiso waseLeningrad, kungabalwa ezigidini.
Ngenhlanhla, eminyakeni edlule isinkwa, ngaphandle kwamazwe ampofu kakhulu, asisekho njengesibonakaliso senhlalakahle. Isinkwa manje asisathakazelisi ngokuba khona kwaso, kepha ngokuhlukahluka kwaso, ikhwalithi yaso, okuhlukahlukene ngisho nomlando waso.
- Iminyuziyamu yesinkwa ithandwa kakhulu futhi ikhona emazweni amaningi omhlaba. Imvamisa bakhombisa imibukiso ekhombisa ukwenziwa kwendawo yokubhaka esifundeni. Kukhona futhi ilukuluku. Ngokuyinhloko, uM. Veren, umnikazi wesigcinimagugu sakhe sangasese esiseZurich, eSwitzerland, wathi esinye sezinkwa eziyizicaba ezivezwe emnyuziyamu wakhe sasineminyaka engama-6,000 ubudala. Akucaci ukuthi usuku lokukhiqizwa kwalesi sinkwa saphakade ngempela alucaci. Okungacaci kahle futhi indlela lapho ucezu lwesinkwa esiyisicaba eMyuziyamu Yesinkwa saseNew York sanikezwa khona iminyaka yobudala engama-3 400.
- Ukusetshenziswa komuntu ngamunye kwesinkwa ngezwe kuvame ukubalwa kusetshenziswa izinkomba ezahlukahlukene ezingaqondile futhi kuyalinganiselwa. Izibalo ezinokwethenjelwa kakhulu zimboza uhla olubanzi lwezimpahla - isinkwa, ibhikawozi ne-pasta. Ngokuya ngalezi zibalo, i-Italy ihamba phambili emazweni asethuthukile - 129 kg umuntu ngamunye ngonyaka. I-Russia, enenkomba engu-118 kg, ilala isibili, ngaphambi kwe-United States (112 kg), iPoland (106) neJalimane (103).
- Kakade eGibhithe lasendulo, kwakukhona isiko eliyinkimbinkimbi elithuthukisiwe lokubhaka. Ababhaki baseGibhithe bakhiqiza izinhlobo ezifika kuma-50 zemikhiqizo ehlukahlukene yokubhaka, ezingafani kuphela ngesimo noma ngosayizi, kepha futhi nasekuphekeni kwenhlama, indlela yokugcwalisa nokupheka. Ngokusobala, kuhhavini wokuqala okhethekile wesinkwa naye wavela eGibhithe lasendulo. Abavubukuli bathole izithombe eziningi zamahhavini ezingxenyeni ezimbili. Ingxenye engezansi yayisebenza njengebhokisi lomlilo, engxenyeni engenhla, lapho izindonga sezifudumele futhi zifudumele ngokulinganayo, isinkwa sibhakiwe. AbaseGibhithe abadlanga amaqebelengwane angenamvubelo, kodwa isinkwa, esifana nesethu, lapho inhlama iba nenqubo yokuvutshelwa. Isazi-mlando esidumile uHerodotus wabhala ngalokhu. Usole abezizwe eziseningizimu ukuthi bonke abantu abaphucukile bavikela ukudla ekonakaleni, futhi abaseGibhithe bayivumela inhlama ukuthi ibole. Kazi uHerodotus uqobo wazizwa kanjani ngejusi elibolile lamagilebhisi, okungukuthi, iwayini?
- Ngenkathi yasendulo, ukusetshenziswa kwesinkwa esibhakiwe ekudleni kwakuwuphawu olucace bha olwehlukanisa impucuko (ngokusho kwamaGrikhi namaRoma asendulo) kubantu abavela kwamanye amazwe. Uma amaGreki asemasha enza isifungo lapho kwakhulunywa khona ukuthi imingcele yase-Attica ibhalwe ukolweni, izizwe zaseJalimane, ngisho nezinhlamvu ezikhulayo, azibhakanga isinkwa, okuqukethwe amakhekhe ebhali nokusanhlamvu. Vele, amaJalimane nawo abheka labo bantu abadla isinkwa bosisi njengabantu abaphansi.
- Ngekhulu le-19, ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kabusha kweRoma okulandelayo, kwatholakala ithuna elihlaba umxhwele ngaphakathi kwesango ePorta Maggiore. Umbhalo omuhle kulo uthe ethuneni kuhlala uMark Virgil Euryzac, umbhaki kanye nomphakeli. I-bas-relief etholwe eduze ifakaze ukuthi umbhaki ubephumule eduze komlotha womkakhe. Umlotha wakhe ufakwa emgodini owenziwe ngesimo sebhasikidi wesinkwa. Engxenyeni engenhla yethuna, imidwebo ibonisa inqubo yokwenza isinkwa, leyo emaphakathi ibukeka njengokugcina okusanhlamvu ngaleso sikhathi, futhi izimbobo ezansi impela zifana nabaxube benhlama. Inhlanganisela engajwayelekile yamagama ombhaki ibonisa ukuthi wayengumGreki ogama lakhe lingu-Evrysak, futhi wayeyindoda empofu noma eyisigqila. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokusebenza kanzima nethalente, akagcinanga ngokuceba ngokwanele ukuthi wazakhela ithuna elikhulu enkabeni yeRoma, kepha futhi wengeza amanye amagama amabili egameni lakhe. Yile ndlela ama-elevator omphakathi asebenza ngayo eRepublican Rome.
- NgoFebhuwari 17, amaRoma asendulo agubha u-Fornakalia, edumisa u-Fornax, unkulunkulukazi wamahhavini. Ababhaki abasebenzanga ngalolo suku. Bahlobisa amabhikawozi namahhavini, basabalalisa izimpahla ezibhakwe mahhala, futhi bathandazela isivuno esisha. Bekufanele ukuthandaza - ekupheleni kukaFebhuwari, izinqolobane zokusanhlamvu zesivuno sangaphambilini beziphela kancane kancane.
- "Meal'n'Real!" - wamemeza, njengoba wazi, ama-plebs amaRoma uma kwenzeka kukhona ukunganeliseki okuncane. Bese kuthi-ke lo omunye umbhedo, athutheleka eRoma evela kulo lonke elase-Italy, athola njalo. Kodwa uma izibuko zazingabizi isabelomali seRiphabhuliki, bese umbuso, cishe awunalutho - uma kuqhathaniswa nezindleko ezijwayelekile, isimo sesinkwa sasihlukile. Ekuphakameni kokusatshalaliswa kwamahhala, abantu abangu-360,000 bathola ama-modiyas abo ama-5 (cishe ama-35 kg) okusanhlamvu ngenyanga. Kwesinye isikhathi kwakwenzeka ukuthi kuncishiswe lesi sibalo isikhashana, kepha amashumi ezinkulungwane zezakhamizi athola isinkwa samahhala. Kwakudingeka kuphela ukuthi ube yisakhamuzi futhi ungabi ngumuntu ogibele ihhashi noma ophethe patrician. Ubukhulu bokwabiwa kokusanhlamvu bukhombisa kahle ingcebo yeRoma lasendulo.
- EYurophu yangenkathi ephakathi, isinkwa sasetshenziswa njengesitsha isikhathi eside ngisho nezikhulu. Isikwa sesinkwa sanqunywa phakathi, kukhishwe imvuthuluka kwatholakala nezitsha ezimbili zesobho. Inyama nokunye ukudla okuqinile kwakubekwa nje ezincekeni zesinkwa. Amapuleti njengezitsha ngazinye athatha indawo yesinkwa kuphela ngekhulu le-15.
- Kusukela cishe ngekhulu le-11 eNtshonalanga Yurophu, ukusetshenziswa kwesinkwa esimhlophe nesimnyama sekuyinto ehlukanisa impahla. Abanini mhlaba babethanda ukuthatha intela noma ukuqasha kubafuyi ngokhula, okunye bakuthengisa, kanti abanye babebhaka isinkwa esimhlophe. Izakhamizi ezicebile nazo bezikwazi ukuthenga ukolweni nokudla isinkwa esimhlophe. Abalimi, noma ngabe babenokolweni osele ngemuva kwayo yonke intela, babethanda ukuwuthengisa, futhi bona ngokwabo bakwazi ukuphatha okusanhlamvu kwefolishi noma okunye okusanhlamvu. Umshumayeli odumile u-Umberto di Romano, kwenye yezintshumayelo zakhe ezithandwayo, uchaze umlimi ofuna ukuba yisindela ukuze nje adle isinkwa esimhlophe.
- Isinkwa esibi kunazo zonke engxenyeni yeYurophu eseduze neFrance sasithathwa njengesiDashi. Abalimi baseFrance, nabo abangasidlanga isinkwa esihle kunazo zonke, bakuthatha njengokungeke kudliwe. AmaDashi abhaka isinkwa kusuka enhlanganisweni ye-rye, ibhali, i-buckwheat, ufulawa we-oat kanye nobhontshisi oxubekile kufulawa. Isinkwa sigcine simnyama omnyama, siminyene, sibukeka kahle futhi sinamathela. AmaDashi, nokho, akuthola kwamukeleka impela. Isinkwa sikakolweni esimhlophe eHolland sasiyisibiliboco esifana nekhekhe noma ikhekhe, sasidliwa kuphela ngamaholide kwesinye isikhathi nangeSonto.
- Ukulutha kwethu izinkwa "ezimnyama" kungumlando. Ukolweni wezingqimba zaseRussia isitshalo esisha; wavela lapha cishe ngekhulu lesi-5 kuya kwele-6 AD. e. I-Rye yayilinywe izinkulungwane zeminyaka ngaleso sikhathi. Ngokuqondile, izosho nokuthi yayingakhuli, kepha yavunwa, i-rye engathobekile. AmaRoma ngokuvamile abheka i-rye njengokhula. Vele, ukolweni unikeza isivuno esikhulu kakhulu, kepha asihambisani nesimo sezulu saseRussia. Ukulinywa kukakolweni ngobuningi kwaqala kuphela ngokuthuthukiswa kwezolimo ezentengiselwano esifundeni iVolga kanye nokuncishiswa kwamazwe oLwandle Olumnyama. Kusukela lapho, isabelo sikarye ekukhiqizweni kwezitshalo besilokhu sincipha ngokuqhubekayo. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kungumkhuba womhlaba wonke - ukukhiqizwa kwe-rye kuyehla ngokuya yonke indawo.
- Kusengomeni, maye, awunakucisha amagama. Uma osomkhathi bokuqala baseSoviet babeziqhenya ngesabelo sabo sokudla, esasingahlukaniswa nakancane nemikhiqizo emisha, khona-ke ngeminyaka yama-1990s, ukwahlulela ngemibiko yabasebenzi ababevakashele i-orbit, izinsizakalo zomhlaba ezazinikela ukudla zazisebenza sengathi zazilindele ukuthola izeluleko ngisho nangaphambi kokuba abasebenzi baqale. Osomkhathi bangavumelana neqiniso lokuthi amalebula anamagama ayedidekile ezitsheni ebezigcwele, kepha lapho isinkwa siphela ngemuva kwamasonto amabili endiza yezinyanga eziningi e-International Space Station, lokhu kwabangela intukuthelo yemvelo. Okudumisa abaphathi bezindiza, lokhu kungalingani kokudla okunempilo kwasuswa ngokushesha.
- Indaba kaVladimir Gilyarovsky mayelana nokuvela kwamabhanisi namagilebhisi omisiwe kumbhaki uFilippov's yaziwa kabanzi. Bathi ekuseni umbusi-jikelele wathola iphela esinkingeni ngesihlungo esivela kuFilippov wabizela umbhaki ukuze kuqhutshwe icala. Akalahlekanga, wabiza iphela ngomvini, waluma ngesinambuzane wasigwinya. Lapho ebuyela ebhikawozi, uFilippov wathela ngokushesha konke omisiwe enhlama. Ukwahlulela ithoni kaGilyarovsky, akukho okungavamile kulokhu, futhi uqinisile impela. Umuntu ancintisana naye, uFilippov Savostyanov, obephethe nesiqu somhlinzeki egcekeni, ubenendle emanzini omthombo lapho kulungiswa khona izimpahla ezibhakiwe ngaphezu kwesisodwa. Ngokwesiko lakudala laseMoscow, ababhaki bachitha ubusuku emsebenzini. Okusho ukuthi, bakhukhule ufulawa etafuleni, bendlala omatilasi, balengise i-onuchi phezu kwesitofu, futhi ungaphumula. Futhi naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, amaqebelengwane aseMoscow abhekwa njengamnandi kakhulu eRussia.
- Kuze kube maphakathi nekhulu le-18, usawoti wawungasetshenziswa nhlobo ekubhakeni - wawubiza kakhulu ukufaka kabi kumkhiqizo wansuku zonke onjalo. Manje sekwamukelwa kabanzi ukuthi ufulawa wesinkwa kufanele ube nosawoti ongu-1.8-2%. Akufanele inambitheke - ukufaka usawoti kuthuthukisa iphunga nokunambitheka kwezinye izithako. Ngaphezu kwalokho, usawoti uqinisa ukwakheka kwe-gluten nenhlama yonke.
- Igama "umbhaki" lihlotshaniswa nendoda ejabule, enenhliziyo enhle, ekhuluphele. Kodwa-ke, akubona bonke abapheki bezinkwa abangabasizi bohlanga lwesintu. Omunye wabakhiqizi abadumile baseFrance bemishini yokubhaka wazalelwa emndenini wababhaki. Ngokushesha ngemuva kwempi, abazali bakhe bathenga indawo ekubhakwa kuyo emadolobheni aseParis kowesifazane ocebile kakhulu, okwakuyinto eyivelakancane kumnikazi wesitolo ngaleso sikhathi. Imfihlo yengcebo yayilula. Ngesikhathi seminyaka yempi, ababhaki baseFrance baqhubeka nokuthengisa isinkwa ngesikweletu, bethola imali kubathengi ekupheleni kwesikhathi esivunyelwene ngaso. Ukuhweba okunjalo phakathi neminyaka yempi, empeleni, kwakuyindlela eqonde ngqo ekubhujisweni - kwakukhona imali encane kakhulu ekusakazweni engxenyeni yaseFrance. I-heroine yethu ivumile ukuhweba kuphela ngemibandela yokukhokha ngokushesha futhi yaqala ukwamukela ukukhokha kusengaphambili ngobucwebe. Imali eyayitholwa phakathi neminyaka yempi yayanele ukuba ithenge indlu endaweni esefashinini eParis. Izinsalela ezihloniphekile akazifakanga ebhange, kepha uzifihle engaphansi. Kwakusezitebhisini zaleli gumbi elingaphansi lapho aqeda khona izinsuku zakhe. Ehla futhi ukuze abheke ukuphepha kwengcebo, wawa waphuka intamo. Mhlawumbe akukho okuziphatha kule ndaba mayelana nenzuzo engalungile ngesinkwa ...
- Abaningi babonile, eminyuziyamu noma ezithombeni, ama-gramu ayi-125 esinkwa esibi - isabelo esincane kunazo zonke abasebenzi, abondliwe nezingane abazitholile ngesikhathi esibi kakhulu sokuvinjelwa kweLeningrad ngesikhathi seMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe. Kepha emlandweni wesintu kwakukhona izindawo nezikhathi lapho abantu babethola cishe inani elifanayo lesinkwa ngaphandle kokuvinjelwa. ENgilandi, izindlu zokugcina izimpahla ngekhulu le-19 zazikhipha ama-ounces ayisithupha ngosuku ngomuntu ngamunye - ngaphezulu nje kuka-180 amagremu. Abahlali baseWorkhouse kwakudingeka basebenze ngaphansi kwezinduku zababonisi amahora angu-12-16 ngosuku. Ngasikhathi sinye, izindlu zokusebenza zazivolontiya ngokusemthethweni - abantu baya kubo ukuze bangajeziswa ngokuganga.
- Kunombono (ngokuqinile, nokho, owenziwe lula) wokuthi inkosi yaseFrance uLouis XVI yahola indlela yokuphila emoshayo kangangoba, ekugcineni, lonke elaseFrance lakhathala, kwenzeka i-Great French Revolution, kwathi inkosi yaketulwa futhi yabulawa. Izindleko beziphezulu, kuphela baye ekulondolozweni kwegceke elikhulu. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukusebenzisa imali kukaLouis kwakunesizotha kakhulu. Kwaphela iminyaka egcina izincwadi ezikhethekile zama-akhawunti lapho efaka khona zonke izindleko. Phakathi kokunye, lapho ungathola amarekhodi afana nokuthi "wesinkwa ngaphandle kwama-crusts nesinkwa sesobho (amapuleti esinkwa asevele ashiwo) - 1 livre 12 centimes". Ngasikhathi sinye, abasebenzi benkantolo babene-Bakery Service, eyayinababhaki, abasizi bababhaki abayi-12 namakhekhe amane.
- "Ukuqhaqhaqhaqhaqhaqhaqhaqhaqhaqhaqhaqa umqulu waseFrance" kuzwakale eRussia ngaphambi kwenguquko hhayi kuphela ezindaweni zokudlela ezicebile nasemakamelweni okudweba abaculi. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, iSociety for the Guardianship of Popular Sobriety yavula izindawo eziningi zokucima ukoma namatai emadolobheni ezifundazwe. Indawo yokucima ukoma manje isizobizwa ngokuthi yinkantini, kanti itiye - ikhefi. Abakhanyisanga ngezinhlobonhlobo zezitsha, kepha bathathe ishibhile sesinkwa. Isinkwa besisezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu. Irayi libiza ama-kopecks ama-2 ngephawundi ngalinye (cishe u-0.5 kg), okumhlophe kwesisindo esifanayo kwakungu-kopecks ama-3, ngesihlungo - kusuka ku-4, kuya ngokugcwaliswa. Ethaveni ungathenga ipuleti elikhulu lesobho elicebile lama-kopecks ama-5, etiyeni, ngama-kopecks ama-4 - 5, ungaphuza itiye elincane, ulilume ngebhande laseFrance - i-hit kumenyu yendawo. Igama elithi "umusi" livele ngoba izigaxa ezimbili zikashukela zinikezwe itiye elincane letiye namanzi amakhulu abilayo. Ukungabizi kwamathaveni nezindawo zokudlalela izinkwa kubonakaliswa yiphosta ebophezelekile ngenhla kwerejista yemali: "Sicela ungamkhathazi ophatha imali ngokushintshisana ngemali enkulu."
- Kwavulwa izindlu zetiye namathaveni emadolobheni amakhulu. Emaphandleni aseRussia, kwakukhona inkinga yangempela ngesinkwa. Noma singathatha amacala endlala, eminyakeni ekhiqizayo, abalimi abadlanga sinkwa esanele. Umqondo wokuxosha ama-kulaks kwenye indawo eSiberia awusilo neze ulwazi lukaJoseph Stalin. Lo mbono kungokwalabo populist Ivanov-Razumnov. Wafunda ngesimo esibi: isinkwa silethwa eZaraisk, futhi abathengi bavuma ukungakhokhi ngaphezu kwama-kopecks angu-17 nge-pood. Leli xabiso empeleni lilahle imindeni yabantu abampofu ekufeni, futhi inqwaba yabalimi belele phansi ezinyaweni zama-kulaks - abangezanga nelilodwa. Futhi uLeo Tolstoy ukhanyisele umphakathi ofundile, echaza ukuthi isinkwa neswan akusilona uphawu lwenhlekelele, inhlekelele ilapho kungekho lutho olungaxubaniswa nalo. Futhi ngasikhathi sinye, ukuze kuthunyelwe ngokushesha okusanhlamvu okuzothunyelwa emazweni angaphandle, kwakhiwa ujantshi okhethekile wesitimela esine-gauge ezifundeni ezikhulisa okusanhlamvu esifundeni saseChernozem.
- EJapane, isinkwa sasingaziwa kwaze kwaba ngawo-1850. UCommodore Matthew Perry, owadudula ukusungulwa kobudlelwano phakathi kweJapan ne-United States ngosizo lwabashayeli bamasosha, wamenyelwa amaJapan edilini lomcimbi. Ngemuva kokuqalaza etafuleni nokunambitha izitsha ezihamba phambili zokudla kwaseJapan, abaseMelika banquma ukuthi bayahlukunyezwa. Yikhono labahumushi kuphela elibasindisile enkingeni - izivakashi nokho zikholelwa ukuthi empeleni zingubuciko bokudla kwasendaweni, futhi kwachithwa isamba esingu-2 000 segolide esidlweni sasemini. AbaseMelika bathumela ukudla emikhunjini yabo, ngakho-ke amaJapane abona isinkwa esibhakiwe okokuqala ngqa. Ngaphambi kwalokho, babeyazi inhlama, kepha bayenza ngofulawa welayisi, badle luhlaza, babilisiwe, noma njengengxenye yamaqebelengwane esintu. Ekuqaleni, isinkwa sasidliwa ngokuzithandela nangokuphoqelelwa yizikole zaseJapan nabezempi, futhi kuphela ngemuva kokuphela kweMpi Yezwe II lapho isinkwa sangena ekudleni kwansuku zonke. Yize amaJapan eyisebenzisa ngamanani amancane kakhulu kunabaseYurophu noma abaseMelika.
