Eqinisweni, impilo yansuku zonke yanoma yimuphi umuntu, kungakhathalekile impahla yakhe noma isikhundla sakhe senhlalo, kuyinketho engaguquki yobubi obuncane. Ukuhudula umsebenzi ozondwayo noma ukuphuza ubhiya ngenkathi ubuka i-TV. Lwela ukuthuthuka komsebenzi ngokukhuphuka okuqinile komholo noma uhlale endaweni yakudala eqenjini elikhona. Isijobelelo eCrimea, sazi ukuthi ngeke bayishayele ekhanda, noma bavale amehlo ethu ekufeni okungenzeka kakhulu kwezinkulungwane zabantu bakithi.
Impilo ka-Alexander Nevsky (1220 - 1263) nayo yadlula ochungechungeni lokhetho olunjalo. Isikhulu saseRussia sihlala sibhekene nezinkinga ezinzima kakhulu. Kusuka entshonalanga, kwaqubuka ama-knights weSiphambano, abulala ababekholwa nabo ezinkulungwaneni. Empumalanga, abahlala emathafeni babehlala besemsebenzini, abangazange baphange iRussia kuphela lapho bazi ukuthi amaRussia ayengakazali ikakhulukazi, futhi kwakungekho lutho olutheni abaluthathayo.
Izenzo zika-Alexander Nevsky, inqubomgomo yakhe, uma sibheka icala ngalinye ngokuhlukile kumongo ojwayelekile, ziveza ukugxeka nemibuzo kumsekeli cishe noma yimuphi umbono, kusukela kwabaseNtshonalanga kuya kwabashisekeli bezwe. Kungani ashaye abaphathi abahlukahlukene bempucuko yaseYurophu futhi ngokushesha wayokhothamela iHorde? Kungani asebenzise isiswebhu, futhi kwesinye isikhathi nenkemba, ukubhala kabusha amaNovgorodians futhi abenze bakhokhe intela? Kakade, iNovgorod, njengoba kugxekwa abagxeki, ayikaze ibanjwe amaTatar! Futhi u-Alexander omubi, esikhundleni sokunikela ngedolobha kubantu angabazi ababezomane babhubhise inqaba yentando yeningi yaseRussia, wahlonipha amaTatar. Manje inzalo yalabo bantu baseNovgorodiya abathi, engozini yokuqala, bacela usizo kunoma isiphi isikhulu esingathi sína ngokwengeziwe ukuze bamxoshe ngokushesha ngemuva kokuphela kwengozi, tshela ukuthi obaba balwela intando yeningi ngesibindi, okungukuthi, ilungelo lokungakhokhi lutho kunoma ngubani. thola ukuvikeleka kwezempi.
Izithombe zesikhathi sokuphila ezivela ku-Alexander Nevsky zazingadwetshiwe, ngakho-ke ngokuvamile isikhulu simelelwa ngomfanekiso weqhawe uNikolai Cherkassky kwifilimu ethi "Alexander Nevsky"
Inqubomgomo Aleksandra Nevskogo evelele pragmatism ezehlukile. Lapho udinga khona - bekezela. Lapho kungenzeka khona - xoxani. Ukulwa kuphi - ukushaya ukuze ophikisayo angavuki. U-Alexander wahlela ukunqoba eLake Peipsi eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-100 ngaphambi kwezimpi ezazisakazwa eCrécy nasePoitiers, okwathi ngemuva kwalokho ama-knights-iron woodworkers asezingeni eliphakeme abaxoshwa abantu abavamile kulo lonke elaseYurophu benemihuzuko nezidwedwe zamazinga ahlukahlukene wentsha. Kwenza impilo ukuze abantu basinde ukuze bakhothamise intamo yayo phambi kwebutho labantu basempumalanga abayizinkulungwane - kuzofanele. U-Alexander akazange acabange ngendawo yakhe yesikhathi esizayo emlandweni. Wayemiselwe ukuchitha okungenani isigamu sempilo yakhe emfushane ohambweni olungapheli olusuka eNtshonalanga luye eMpumalanga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngesilinganiso sama-khans kwakudingeka ukuhlala lapho inyanga, nokuthi unyaka. Isikhundla kwesinye isikhathi besiphoqa, futhi lapho sidinga, sibeka impilo yomuntu engcupheni ngenxa yezindawo ezixoxwayo.
1. Kakade ubuntwana beNkosana u-Alexander, indodana yenkosana engenakuphumula u-Yaroslav Vsevolodovich nomzukulu ka-Vsevolod the Big Nest, sekukhombisile ukuthi umfana akudingeki alinde impilo ethule. Ngokushesha nje lapho u-Alexander omncane esegundiwe futhi wagcotshwa njengeqhawe - njengasempumalanga ibutho laseRussia lahlulwa okweqile empini eyayiseKalka, kwathi abezempucuko abaneziphambano ezingutsheni zabo bahlasela iRussia bevela entshonalanga. Esinye sezikhathi ezinzima kakhulu emlandweni waseRussia sasondela.
2. U-Alexander wezwa ubumnandi bokubusa ngentando yeningi eneminyaka eyisishiyagalombili, lapho yena nomfowabo, behamba nomalume wakhe, onguthisha, kwakufanele babaleke ngokushesha eNovgorod. Edolobheni, okunye ukuzwakala okuzenzekelayo kwentando yabantu kwaqala ngokubulawa okwakuhambisana nakho, okokuqala "kwabantu abangamakhosana", kwalandela okwabo, abaseNovgorodians, kulabo abacebile. Izinxushunxushu zidalwe yindlala. AmaNovgorodians awazange azihluphe ngokubeka okusanhlamvu, yize kwakudluliswa ngeNovgorod yizigidi zamaphoyinti, noma ngokuvikelwa kwezokuxhumana - ngokushesha nje lapho abantu abagibelayo noma abangeneleli bevala imizila embalwa yokuphakela, izinkinga zaqala eNovgorod. Ngaphezu kwalokho, leli bekungelona icala lokuqala futhi hhayi elokugcina, kepha banikeze imali encane kwizikhulu eziqashiwe futhi kuphela uma kunengozi esobala.
Ngaphambili inqubo yokuveza intando yeningi eNovgorod
3. UYaroslav wayengaxhamazeli ikakhulukazi ukufundisa u-Alexander - wayeyindodana encane kunazo zonke, futhi ukunakwa okuyinhloko kwanikezwa uFedor kuphela. Kodwa-ke, eneminyaka engu-11, ngaphambi nje komshado wakhe (izikhulu zazishade kusenesikhathi ukuze zenze futhi ziqinise izibopho zamakhosi) UFyodor washona, kwathi u-Alexander oneminyaka eyishumi waba "indlalifa yesihlalo sobukhosi".
4. Umsebenzi ka-Alexander wokuzimela waqala eneminyaka eyi-16, lapho uyise embeka njengombusi waseNovgorod. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, le nsizwa yakwazi ukubamba iqhaza emkhankasweni oya enyakatho-ntshonalanga, lapho ibutho likaYaroslav lahlula iqembu lama-knights, elathuthela eningizimu ngokungazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iqembu lesikhulu lahlula amaqembu amaningi abaphangi baseLithuania. Ukubhabhadiswa komlilo kuka-Alexander kwenzeka ngisho nangaphambi kokuthola amandla.
5. Ngesikhathi somkhankaso wango-1238, ibutho laseMongol-Tatar alizange lifike eNovgorod ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha ayikhulu. Idolobha kanye no-Alexander basindiswa ngodaka kanye nokwesaba kwabahlaseli ukuthi bahlukane kakhulu nezindawo zokuhlinzeka - esifundeni saseNovgorod, njengoba wazi, cishe asikho isinkwa esikhulayo. Idolobha laliphakelwa ukudla okuvela eningizimu. Ukube abezulazula babenqume ukuqhubekela phambili enyakatho, kungenzeka ukuthi iNovgorod, yayizothathwa futhi iphangwe, okwenzeka phambilini kuRyazan noVladimir.
Ukuhlasela kwamaMongol-amaTatar. I-arc enyakatho yindlela yabo ephezulu yeNovgorod
6. Unyaka ka-1238 waba yinhlekelele hhayi eRussia kuphela, kodwa nangenxa yomndeni wezizukulwane zikaVsevolod the Big Nest. Izikhulu eziningi zafa futhi zathunjwa. Ubaba ka-Alexander Yaroslav waba uMbusi Omkhulu kaVladimir, futhi le nsizwa yathola isithasiselo sikaNovgorod.
7. Lapho eneminyaka engu-19, u-Alexander washada nendodakazi yesikhulu sasePolotsk uBryacheslav, u-Alexandra. Ngemuva kwalokho, lo mbhangqwana wamagama waba namadodana amane nendodakazi. Kanye nomshado, isikhulu sakha inqaba eMfuleni iShelon, evikela indlela eya eNovgorod ukusuka entshonalanga.
8. U-Alexander wanqoba ukunqoba kwakhe kokuqala kwezempi ngoJulayi 15, 1240. Ukuhlaselwa okungazelelwe kwebutho lamazwe omhlaba, eliholwa abaseSweden, lavumela amaNovgorodians kanye nesikhulu samakhosi ukuthi banqobe ngokuphelele isitha lapho kuhlangana khona iNeva neIzhora. Ngenkathi abagibeli bamahhashi baka-Alexander belwa nengxenye yabaseSweden, amasosha aseRussia akwazi ukudlulela emikhunjini yezitha futhi avimbele ama-knights ayemiswe phezu kwabo ukuthi afike ogwini. Icala liphele ngokunqotshwa okudala kwesitha ezingxenyeni ezithile. Njengoba akakwazanga ukubuyela eNovgorod, u-Alexander wezwa ukuthi abantu baseLivonia basebenzise ithuba lokukhashelwa kwamanye amaPskovites futhi bathumba idolobha. Lapho isikhulu siqala ukuqoqa ibutho futhi, abakwa-boyars, ababengafuni ukuthwala izindleko ezintsha, baphikisana nalokhu. U-Alexander, ngaphandle kokucabanga kabili, wasula emsebenzini washiya uPereyaslavl.
Impi yeNeva
9. I-voivode ethile iBirger ifanelwe ukubalulwa ngokukhethekile maqondana nokuhlulwa kwabaseSweden. Isikhulu sasesweden, esalimala kanzima ebusweni, sabaleka masinyane enkundleni yempi, sashiya ababhali bezomlando bependa imisebenzi yabo. Ngokumhlonipha kakhulu uBirger, umsebenzi wakhe omkhulu, ngokusho kwezazi-mlando zentando yeningi, ukuthi wayengekho kuNeva. Ngaphandle kwalokho, u-Alexander Nevsky ngokuqinisekile ...
10. Ukuzimela kukaNovgorod kwaphela cishe izinyanga eziyisithupha. Lapho bezwa ngalokho okwakwenziwa ngamasosha enkolo ePskov, abaseNovgorodiya ngokusobala banquma ukuthi intando yeningi ilungile, kepha inkululeko ibiza kakhulu. Baphinde babiza u-Alexander kubaphathi. Isikhulu samukela lesi sipho kuphela emzameni wesibili, futhi abaseNovgorodians kwadingeka baphambukele. Kepha ngesikhathi somkhankaso osheshayo ka-1241, u-Alexander wanqoba ama-knights, wathumba futhi wabhubhisa inqaba yaseKoporye, eyadambisa kakhulu amabutho empi. Kulo mkhankaso, esinye isici sethalente lomholi wamasosha sika-Alexander Nevsky sabonakala: wahlasela ama-knights, njengoba besengasho manje, esigabeni sokusatshalaliswa, angavumeli umyalo wesitha ukuba ubhekane nokuqiniswa okufika njalo.
11. NgoMgqibelo 5 Ephreli 1242 kwaba usuku olubalulekile emlandweni waseRussia. Ngalolu suku, ibutho laseRussia ngaphansi komyalo ka-Alexander Nevsky lazihlula ngokuphelele izinja ezingama-knight. Futhi, ukunqoba kwatholakala ngegazi elincane uma kuqhathaniswa nobuholi bezempi. U-Alexander wabeka kahle imikhosi yonyawo nabaqashi abahamba ngamahhashi. Lapho ingulube yengulube edumile yabambeka ngokulandelana kwamasosha ahamba ngezinyawo, wahlaselwa kuzo zonke izinhlangothi. Ngokokuqala ngqá ezinkundleni zempi zaseYurophu, kwahlelwa ukugoqeka kwamasu esitha nokuphishekela leyo ngxenye engazange iwele ku- "cauldron" kwahlelwa. Impi yabizwa ngokuthi yi-Battle of Ice.
12. U-Alexander wagcina esezibekile endimeni yombusi ngemuva kokuthi amaqhawe akhe ehlule amaLithuania kabili. Ngo-1246 uNovgorod wasusa zonke izingozi ngaphandle kweHorde. Wabizwa kaningi eHorde, kepha u-Alexander wayedlala ngesikhathi. Kungenzeka, wayelinde izithunywa uPapa. Bafika eNovgorod ehlobo lika-1248. Kule ncwadi, umpapa wasikisela ukuthi u-Alexander neRussia baphendukele ebuKhatholika, ethembisa ukuthi akukho lutho abazolwenza. U-Alexander wasenqaba isicelo sikaPapa. Kwakufanele aye eHorde kuphela.
13. Ekomkhulu leBatu, u-Alexander wasinda ngokulambisa ekubulaweni. Njengesibonakaliso sokuthobeka, zonke izivakashi eBatu kwakudingeka zihambe phakathi kwezithixo ezimbili futhi ziguqe kane lapho zibona iBatu. U-Alexander wenqaba ukudlula phakathi kwezithombe. Waguqa phansi, kodwa ngasikhathi sinye wayehlala ephindaphinda ukuthi wayengaguqanga phambi kweBatu, kodwa phambi kukaNkulunkulu. UBatu wabulala amakhosana ngezono ezincane kakhulu. Kodwa wamxolela u-Alexander futhi wamthumela eKarakorum, lapho athola khona isinqamuleli esiya eKiev naseNovgorod.
Ngezinga likaBatu
14. Imininingwane yokuthi uBatu wenza u-Alexander indodana yakhe yokutholwa kumele, ishiywe kunembeza kaNikolai Gumilyov, owabasabalalisa. U-Alexander wayengaba nobudlelwano nendodana kaBatu uSartak - ngaleso sikhathi kwaba ngokohlelo lwezinto - bashintshisana ngamaconsi egazi emlilweni, baphuza esitsheni esifanayo, kanjalo nabazalwane. Kodwa ukuhlangana okunjalo kwakungasho nganoma iyiphi indlela ukuthi uBatu wabona ukuthi inkosana yaseRussia yindodana yakhe. Kunoma ikuphi, imithombo yokutholwa ayithuli.
15. Kwesinye isikhathi emlandweni womlando ka-Alexander Nevsky umuntu angathola izindima emoyeni: "Akazange aphakamise inkemba kumuntu waseRussia" noma "Akakaze achithe igazi laseRussia". Lokhu akulona iqiniso. U-Alexander akazange anqikaze ikakhulukazi ukukhetha izindlela zokufeza inhloso, futhi ikakhulukazi akazange anake ubuzwe bezitha zakhe. Futhi ngenkathi iningi lezikhulu eziphakeme zakha uzungu lokuya ngaphansi kwengalo kaPapa, u-Alexander ngokushesha waya eHorde wafika nebutho elangena emlandweni ngokuthi "yibutho likaNevryuev" - eliqanjwe ngomkhuzi wamaTatar, umbusi. Igundane laletha ukuhleleka emazweni aseRussia ngezindlela ezihambelana nekhulu le-XIII.
16. U-Alexander waba uMbusi oMkhulu ephethwe yiBatu. Ngaleso sikhathi, izinhlelo zika-Alexander zazingaqondakali noma zamukelwe yinoma ngubani ngaphandle kweMetropolitan Kirill. Ngisho izingane zakwabo zaphambana nomdala. Izikhulu zithathe isikhundla esingajwayelekile futhi esingenathemba: awukwazi ukuthobela i-Horde, futhi awukwazi ukulwa nayo. Umfowabo ka-Alexander u-Andrey ngokuzumayo wababaza ukuthi kungaba ngcono ukuya phesheya kunokubekezelela amaTatar. AmaTatar kwakusadingeka abekezelele, futhi ama-pathos ka-Andrei akhokhelwa ngempilo yamasosha, nempahla amaTatar aphanga ngayo.
17. Esinye sezenzo eziphikisanayo zika-Alexander sithathwa ngokuthi "inombolo yamaTatar" - ukubalwa kwabantu. Wonke umuntu wayephikisana nakho: kusuka encekwini yokugcina kuya ezikhulwini. U-Alexander kwakudingeka enze ngokhahlo, kanti naseNovgorod kwakunzima kakhulu. Ukumelana nokubalwa kwabantu kwakufana nokukhala ngezinwele zekhanda elisusiwe - njengoba kufanele ukhokhe intela, vumela le nqubo okungenani ibe nohlaka oluthile oluyihlukanisa nokuhlasela kwabaphangi. Isonto nabefundisi balo bakhululwa enteleni.
18. Ngu-Alexander Nevsky owaqala inqubo yokuqoqa umhlaba waseRussia. Wathola kumaNovgorodians ukuqashelwa ukuthi uMbusi Omkhulu waseVladimir waba yinkosana yaseNovgorod ngokuzenzekelayo. Kwakungokwalesi sikimu lapho u-Ivan Kalita enza khona kamuva.
19. Ngo-1256, iqembu laseRussia lenza umkhankaso ovelele wePolar. Ihlanganiswe yizazi-mlando kunalokho ngokuncane. Ngokusobala, ngoba zazingekho izimpi ezibucayi phakathi nomkhankaso - abaseSweden babesathonywe ukunqoba kweRussia eLake Peipsi, ngakho-ke abaphazamisanga uhambo. Ibutho laseRussia leqa ngokukhululekile iFinland lisuka eningizimu laya enyakatho lafika ogwini loLaptev Sea. U-Alexander ukhombisile - uma kukhona okwenzekayo, abaseRussia ngeke bayeke emingceleni.
20. Ngo-1262 u-Alexander Nevsky wenza uhambo lwakhe lokugcina waya eHorde. Wakwazi ukuhamba ngokoqobo onqenqemeni lommese - wabizelwa ukuzolandisa ngeziyaluyalu eziningi nokubulawa kwabaqoqi bentela. Uhambo lokujezisa lwalusulungile. U-Alexander wakwazi hhayi kuphela ukugwema ukwenziwa kanye nokwesulwa komkhankaso wokujezisa, kodwa futhi waqinisekisa nokuthi ukuqoqwa kwentela kudluliselwa kumaRussia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uvimbele i-khan ekubhaleni amasosha aseRussia ebuthweni leHorde ukuze alwe nePheresiya. Kwathatha inkosana unyaka wonke ukuxazulula lezi zinkinga.
21. U-Alexander Nevsky washona ngo-Okthoba 14, 1263 eGorodok ngaseNizhny Novgorod. Kwakunamahlebezi okuthi udliswe ushevu. Isikhulu sangcwatshwa eVladimir eCathedral of the Virgin. Ngo-1724 izinsalela zika-Alexander Nevsky zangcwatshwa kabusha kanye nesigodlo sezindela i-Alexander Nevsky eSt.
22. U-Ivan the Terrible uhlongoze ukukhipha u-Alexander Nevsky njengongenamkhawulo ngo-1547 eMkhandlwini wesonto, obizwa ngeStoglav.
23. Izazi-mlando zivame ukuqhathanisa u-Alexander Nevsky noDaniil Galitsky. Njengaye, owesibili oguqukele kubuKatolika, waba yinkosi yangempela, wavula indlela eya eYurophu. Kuyiqiniso, ngisho namakhulu eminyaka akadlulanga selokhu wonke umuntu akhohlwe ngeGalicia-Volyn Rus - yahlukaniswa phakathi kwePoland neLithuania. Ukholo lwama-Orthodox lwashushiswa - ubuKatolika abuzange bubekezelele ezinye izinkolo njengamaMongol-Tatars. U-Alexander Nevsky wanikeza umfutho ekusungulweni kweRussia ebumbene, eqinile futhi ezimele. Le nqubo yathatha iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu, kepha iRussia yakwazi ukudlula kuyo ngaphandle kokulahla ukholo lokhokho bayo ngenxa yezintandokazi ezingabazisayo ezivela kubapapa baseRoma.
24. Inkumbulo ka-Alexander Nevsky ifaneleke ngokungafi hhayi eRussia kuphela, kodwa nasemhlabeni. EBulgaria, iThempeli lika-Alexander Nevsky liyisonto elikhulu lesonto lase-Bulgarian Orthodox. Inkumbulo yesikhulu saseRussia iyahlonishwa emasontweni aseTurkmenistan naseLatvia, ePoland naseSerbia, eGeorgia nakwa-Israyeli, eFrance naseDenmark. Kusukela ngo-2016, umkhumbi-ngwenya i-K-550 "Alexander Nevsky" ubulokhu untweza emkhathini wamanzi. I-Order ka-Alexander Nevsky uwukuphela komklomelo wombuso owawukhona e-Tsarist Russia, eSoviet Union naseRussia Federation yamanje. Imigwaqo kulo lonke elaseRussia iqanjwe ngo-Alexander Nevsky. Amakhulu emisebenzi yobuciko anikezelwe kumkhuzi. Mhlawumbe okubaluleke kakhulu kubo (okulungiselelwe isikhathi sokudala) kungabhekwa njengamafilimu nguSergei Eisenstein "Alexander Nevsky" nesithombe sikaPrince Pavel Korin, esidwetshiwe ngo-1942 ngesikhathi esinzima kakhulu sokuvinjezelwa kweLeningrad.
25. U-Alexander Nevsky wayengakaze asho le nkulumo ethi "Noma ngubani oza kithi ngenkemba uzokufa ngenkemba!" Yabekwa emlonyeni womlingiswa wefilimu nguSergei Eisenstein, owabhala umbhalo wefilimu yakhe. Imishwana efanayo itholakala kaningi eBhayibhelini. Isisho esifanayo sasithandwa kumaRoma asendulo.
