IMoscow Kremlin

Esikhungweni esingokomlando senhlokodolobha kukhona isakhiwo esaziwa kakhulu sezakhiwo eRussia - iMoscow Kremlin. Isici esiyinhloko se-ensemble yezakhiwo siyinkimbinkimbi yokuqinisa, equkethe izindonga ezinxantathu ezinemibhoshongo engamashumi amabili.

Lesi sakhiwo sakhiwe phakathi kuka-1485 no-1499 futhi silondolozwe kahle kuze kube namuhla. Izikhathi eziningana yayisebenza njengesibonelo sezinqaba ezifanayo ezavela kwamanye amadolobha aseRussia - iKazan, iTula, iRostov, iNizhny Novgorod, njll. Ezindongeni zeKremlin kunezakhiwo eziningi zenkolo nezenkolo - amasonto ababhishobhi, izigodlo kanye nezakhiwo zokuphatha zezinkathi ezahlukene. IKremlin yafakwa kuhlu lwe-UNESCO World Heritage List ngo-1990. Ngokubambisana neRed Square ehlanganayo, okukulolu hlu, iKremlin ngokuvamile ibhekwa njengokuheha kakhulu eMoscow.

Amasonto ababhishobhi baseMoscow Kremlin

Iqoqo lokwakha lakhiwa ngamathempeli amathathu, maphakathi kukhona Umbono Cathedral... Umlando wesonto lombhishobhi waqala ngo-1475. Yisakhiwo esidala esigcinwe ngokuphelele phakathi kwazo zonke izakhiwo zaseKremlin.

Ekuqaleni, ukwakhiwa kwenzeka ngo-1326-1327 ngaphansi kobuholi buka-Ivan I. Ngemuva kokuphothulwa kokwakhiwa, isonto lombhishobhi lasebenza njengesonto lasekhaya leMetropolitan yaseMoscow, elizinze kulowo owandulela iPatriarchal Palace yamanje.

Ngo-1472, i-cathedral manje eyayonakalisiwe yacekelwa phansi, kwabe sekwakhiwa isakhiwo esisha endaweni yayo. Kodwa-ke, yawa ngoMeyi 1474, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokuzamazama komhlaba noma ngenxa yamaphutha ekwakhiweni. Umzamo omusha wokuvuselelwa wenziwa nguGrand Duke Ivan III. Kwakukulesi sonto lombhishobhi lapho kwakuthandazwa khona ngaphambi kwemikhankaso ebalulekile, amakhosi athweswa imiqhele futhi aphakanyiselwa esigabeni sokhokho.

ICathhedral yengelosi enkulu enikelwe iNgelosi enkulu uMichael, usanta ongumvikeli wababusi baseRussia, yakhiwa ngo-1505 esizeni sesonto elinegama elifanayo ngo-1333. Yakhiwa ngumdwebi wase-Italy u-Aloisio Lamberti da Montignana. Isitayela sokwakha sihlanganisa ubuciko bendabuko obudala benkolo yaseRussia nezinto ze-Italian Renaissance.

Isonto lombhishobhi iBlagoveshchensky etholakala ekhoneni eliseningizimu-ntshonalanga yesikwele. Ngo-1291 kwakhiwa isonto lamapulangwe lapha, kodwa ngemuva kwekhulu leminyaka lasha lashintshwa kwafakwa ibandla lamatshe. I-cathedral yamatshe amhlophe inezindlu eziyisishiyagalolunye ze-anyanisi ezingxenyeni zayo ezingaphambili futhi yenzelwe imikhosi yomndeni.

Amahora okusebenza ama-cathedral: 10:00 to 17:00 (kuvaliwe ngoLwesine). Ithikithi elilodwa lokuvakasha lizobiza ama-ruble angama-500 kubantu abadala kanye nama-ruble angama-250 ezingane.

Izigodlo nezikwele zeMoscow Kremlin

• Isigodlo iGrand Kremlin - Lezi yizakhiwo zezwe eziningi ezimele, ezakhiwe emakhulwini eminyaka ahlukene futhi zasebenza njengekhaya lezikhulu ezinkulu zaseRussia kanye ne-tsars, futhi esikhathini sethu somongameli.
• Isigodlo seTerem - isakhiwo esinezitezi ezinhlanu, esihlotshiswe ngozimele abacebile bokuhlobisa nophahla olunamathayili.

• Isigodlo Sobukhokho - ukwakhiwa kwekhulu le-17, kugcine izici ezingavamile zokwakha izakhiwo zomphakathi zaleso sikhathi. Umnyuziyamu wethula ubucwebe, izitsha ezinhle, imidwebo, izinto zokuzingela kwasebukhosini. Isithonjana esimangalisayo se-Ascension Monastery, esacekelwa phansi ngo-1929, sisasinda.
• Isigodlo Sesigele - isakhiwo esinezitezi ezintathu esenziwe ngesitayela sokuqala se-neoclassical. Ekuqaleni, isigodlo bekufanele sisebenze njengendawo yokuhlala iSigele, kepha kulezi zinsuku sikhona njengabamele abasebenza phakathi kukaMongameli waseRussia.

Phakathi kwezindawo ezidumile eMoscow Kremlin, kufanele kubonwe lezi zigcawu ezilandelayo:

IMibhoshongo yaseMoscow Kremlin

Izindonga zingamamitha angama-2235 ubude, ukuphakama kwazo okuphezulu kungamamitha ayi-19, futhi ubukhulu bufinyelela kumamitha ayi-6.5.

Kunemibhoshongo engama-20 yokuzivikela efanayo ngesitayela sokwakha. Imibhoshongo emithathu ekhoneni inesisekelo esiyindilinga, eminye eyi-17 ingama-quadrangular.

UTrinity Tower yinde kakhulu, ekhuphuka ngamamitha angama-80 ukuphakama.

Ephansi kakhulu - Kutafya umbhoshongo (Amamitha ayi-13.5) atholakala ngaphandle kodonga.

Imibhoshongo emine inamasango okungena:

Iziqongo zale mibhoshongo engu-4, ezibhekwa njengezinhle ngokukhethekile, zihlotshiswe ngezinkanyezi ezibomvu ezingumfanekiso zeruby zenkathi yeSoviet.

Iwashi kuSpasskaya Tower laqala ukuvela ngekhulu le-15, kepha lasha ngo-1656. NgoDisemba 9, 1706, inhloko-dolobha yezwa ama-chimes okokuqala, okwamemezela ihora elisha. Kusukela lapho, imicimbi eminingi yenzekile: izimpi zaliwa, amadolobha aqanjwa kabusha, izihloko zashintshwa, kepha ama-chimes adumile aseMoscow Kremlin ahlala eyisikhathi sokuhamba phambili eRussia.

U-Ivan omkhulu bell tower

I-bell tower (amamitha ayi-81 ukuphakama) yisakhiwo eside kunazo zonke eqenjini laseKremlin. Yakhiwa phakathi kuka-1505 no-1508 futhi isasebenza umsebenzi wayo kumathedrali amathathu angenayo imibhoshongo yawo yensimbi - i-Arkhangelsk, i-Assumption ne-Annunciation.

Eduze kunesonto elincane laseSt. John, lapho kwavela khona igama lombhoshongo wezinsimbi nesikwele. Yabakhona kwaze kwaba sekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16, yabe isiwa futhi kusukela lapho iye yabola kakhulu.

Igumbi Elibhekelelwe

I-Faceted Chamber iyihholo elikhulu lezidlo zamakhosana aseMoscow; liyisakhiwo esidala kunazo zonke esisindile edolobheni. Njengamanje yihholo elisemthethweni lomkhosi kaMongameli waseRussia, ngakho-ke livaliwe ukuvakasha.

Isikhwama Sezikhali Nezimali Zamadayimane

Igumbi lakhiwa ngomyalo kaPeter I wokugcina izikhali ezitholakala ezimpini. Ukwakhiwa kwaqhubeka, kwaqala ngo-1702 futhi kwaphela ngo-1736 ngenxa yobunzima bezezimali. Ngo-1812 ikamelo laqhunyiswa empini elwa noNapoleon, lakhiwa kabusha kuphela ngo-1828. Manje i-Armory ingumnyuziyamu, ongavakashelwa noma yiluphi usuku lwesonto kusukela ngo-10: 00 kuya ku-18: 00, ngaphandle kwangoLwesine. Intengo yamathikithi abantu abadala ingama-ruble angama-700, ezinganeni kumahhala.

Lapha akubona kuphela imibukiso yokuhweba ngezikhali, kepha neDiamond Fund. Umbukiso waphakade weSikhwama Sedayimane Lombuso waqala ukuvulwa eMoscow Kremlin ngo-1967. Ubucwebe obuyingqayizivele namatshe ayigugu kubaluleke kakhulu lapha, iningi labo lathathwa ngemuva kwe-Revolution ka-Okthoba. Amahora wokuvula - kusuka ku-10: 00 kuya ku-17: 20 nganoma yiluphi usuku ngaphandle kwangoLwesine. Kuzofanele ukhokhe ama-ruble angama-500 ngethikithi labantu abadala, ama-ruble ayi-100 ngethikithi lezingane.

Amadayimane amabili akhonjisiwe afanele ukunakwa ngokukhethekile, ngoba angaphansi kwezibonelo ezidume kakhulu zaleli gugu emhlabeni:

1. IDayimane "Orlov" entongeni kaCatherine II.
2. IDayimane "Shah", uTsar Nicholas engayithola ngo-1829 evela ePersia.

Sikukwazisa ukuthi ubheke iKolomna Kremlin.

Amaqiniso ayi-10 athakazelisayo ngeMoscow Kremlin

1. Akuyona kuphela inqaba enkulu yangenkathi ephakathi eRussia, kodwa futhi iyinqaba enkulu kunazo zonke esebenzayo kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Yiqiniso, kwakukhona ezinye izakhiwo ezinjalo, kodwa iMoscow Kremlin yiyona kuphela esasetshenziswa.
2. Izindonga zaseKremlin zazimhlophe. Izindonga zathola isitini sabo esibomvu ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19. Ukuze ubone i-White Kremlin, funa imisebenzi ngabaculi bekhulu le-18 noma le-19 abafana noPyotr Vereshchagin noma u-Alexei Savrasov.
3. IRed Square ayihlanganise lutho nokubomvu. Leli gama livela egameni elidala lesiRussia elisho "obomvu", okusho ukuthi lihle, futhi alihlangene nhlobo nombala wezakhiwo manje esaziyo ukuthi zazimhlophe kwaze kwaba ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19.
4. Izinkanyezi ze-Kremlin yaseMoscow zaziyizinkozi. Ngesikhathi seRussia yamaTsarist, imibhoshongo emine yaseKremlin yathweswa umqhele ngezinkozi ezinamakhanda amabili, okube yingubo yezikhali zaseRussia kusukela ngekhulu le-15. Ngo-1935, uhulumeni waseSoviet wangena esikhundleni sezinkozi, ezancibilika futhi kwafakwa izinkanyezi ezinamaphoyinti amahlanu esizibonayo namuhla. Inkanyezi yesihlanu kuVodovzvodnaya Tower ingezwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
5. Imibhoshongo yaseKremlin inamagama. Emibhoshongweni engu-20 yaseKremlin, mibili kuphela engenawo amagama ayo.
6. I-Kremlin yakhiwe kakhulu. Ngemuva kwezindonga zaseKremlin ezingamamitha angama-2235 kunezikwele ezi-5 nezakhiwo eziyi-18, phakathi kwazo okuthandwa kakhulu yiSpasskaya Tower, i-Ivan the Great Bell Tower, i-Assumption Cathedral, iTrinity Tower neTerem Palace.
7. IMoscow Kremlin ayizange yonakaliswe eMpini Yezwe Yesibili. Ngesikhathi sempi, iKremlin yafihlwa ngokucophelela ukuze ibukeke njengesakhiwo sendawo yokuhlala. Izindlu zasesontweni nemibhoshongo edumile eluhlaza zazipendiwe ngokumpunga nansundu, ngokulandelana, iminyango namawindi angombombayi kwakuxhunywe ezindongeni zeKremlin, kanti iRed Square yayithwele izinkuni.
8. IKremlin iseGuinness Book of Records. E-Kremlin yaseMoscow, ungabona insimbi enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni kanye nenganono enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Ngo-1735, kwenziwa insimbi engamamitha ayi-6.14 kusuka ekubunjweni kwensimbi, iTsar Cannon enesisindo esingamathani ayi-39.312 yalahleka ngo-1586 futhi ayikaze isetshenziswe empini.
9. Izinkanyezi zaseKremlin zihlala zikhanya. Eminyakeni engama-80 ikhona, ukukhanya kwezinkanyezi zaseKremlin kwacishwa kabili kuphela. Isikhathi sokuqala sasikhona ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe II lapho iKremlin yayifihliwe ukuyifihla kubabhomu. Okwesibili bacishiwe ku-movie. Umqondisi ophumelele i-Oscar uNikita Mikhalkov uqophe indawo yesehlakalo seSiberia Barber.
10. Iwashi laseKremlin linemfihlo ejulile. Imfihlo yokunemba kwewashi leKremlin ngokoqobo ilele ngaphansi kwezinyawo zethu. Iwashi lixhunywe ewashini lokulawula eSternberg Astronomical Institute ngentambo.

Bukela ividiyo: Peal of the bells of Spasskaya Towers chiming clock in Moscow Kremlin (April 2025).