INizhny Novgorod Kremlin yikhadi lokuvakasha likaNizhny Novgorod. Iyafana futhi ayifani neKazan, Novgorod, nozakwabo baseMoscow: inkulu kakhulu kuneKazan Kremlin, isemthethweni kancane futhi iyabukeka kuneMoscow.
Lesi sikhumbuzo sakhiwo sangeNkathi Ephakathi simi eDyatlovy Hills. Ukusuka eziqongweni zabo, ukuhlangana kwe-Oka neVolga kubonakala ngokusobala. Mhlawumbe, kwakuwumbono owakhanga iNkosana uYuri Vsevolodovich, owayekhetha indawo yedolobha elisha emazweni aseMordovia. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi iNizhny Novgorod Kremlin "yazalwa kabusha" amahlandla amathathu, umlando wokwakha mude futhi unzima: okokuqala yenziwa ngokhuni, yabe isetsheni, futhi ekugcineni, yakhiwa kabusha ngezitini. Eyokhuni yabekwa ngo-1221, eyetshe ngo-1370 (umqali wokwakha kwakungumkhwe kaDmitry Donskoy), kanti ukwakhiwa kwezitini kwaqala ngo-1500.
Itshe lesikhumbuzo likaV. Chkalov naseChkalovskaya Stairs eNizhny Novgorod Kremlin
Kungcono ukuqala ukuhlola iNizhny Novgorod Kremlin kusuka etsheni lesikhumbuzo kuya kuV. Chkalov, umshayeli wendiza okhaliphile owazalelwa ezweni laseNizhny Novgorod. Kwakunguye kanye nozakwabo abake babalekela eMelika ngeNorth Pole eyingqayizivele.
Umbono omuhle wezitebhisi zaseChkalovskaya uvuleka usuka emphemeni wokubuka eduze kwetshe lesikhumbuzo. Cishe waziwa kangcono ukwedlula iNizhny Novgorod Kremlin. Izitebhisi zakhiwa ngo-1949 futhi ekuqaleni zazinegama elithi Stalingrad (ngokuhlonipha iMpi yaseStalingrad). Ngendlela, izakhamuzi zedolobha futhi zathumba amaJalimane zakha ngendlela "yokwakhiwa kwabantu". Izitebhisi zinokuma kwesibalo eziyisishiyagalombili futhi zinezinyathelo ezingama-442 (futhi uma ubala izinyathelo ezinhlangothini zombili zesibalo sesishiyagalombili, uthola inani lezinyathelo ezingama-560). Kusezitebhisini zeChkalovskaya ezitholakala izithombe ezinhle kakhulu edolobheni.
Imibhoshongo yaseKremlin
George tower... Kulula ukuyifinyelela kusuka etsheni lesikhumbuzo laseChkalov. Manje lo ngumbhoshongo owedlulele weNizhny Novgorod Kremlin, futhi lapho bekuyisango, kepha sekuvele ukuthi sekuyiminyaka engama-20 kuqale ukwakhiwa, ukuncibilika kwensimbi kwehlisiwe futhi indlela yavalwa. Ukwakhiwa kwaqala ngo-1500, lo msebenzi wawuqondiswa uPyotr Fryazin odumile wase-Italy noma uPietro Francesco, owafika eNizhny Novgorod evela eMoscow ngqo evela ekwakhiweni kweMoscow Kremlin.
Lesi sakhiwo sathola igama laso ukuhlonipha isonto elingalondoloziwe laseSt. George the Victorious. Uma ubhekisisa kahle, kuyacaca ukuthi manje izivakashi aziwuboni umbhoshongo wonke, kodwa zibona ingxenye yawo engenhla kuphela. Le engezansi yagcwala lapho kwakhiwa izitebhisi zaseChkalovskaya.
Isonto lihlotshiswe ngendlela eyisimanga. Lapha, ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, izithombe zasendulo (ngokwesibonelo, i-Odigitria yaseSmolenskaya) namavangeli zazigcinwa.
Kukhona nenguqulo yemvelaphi yaleli gama: abanye bakholelwa ukuthi ibizwa ngegama lomsunguli wedolobha, iNkosana Yuri Vsevolodovich, ku-Orthodoxy George. Cishe, budebuduze nendawo lapho kume khona manje iGeorgievskaya, ngo-1221 kwakukhona "umbhoshongo ojikelezayo" wesikhulu.
I-Arsenalnaya (Powder) Tower kanye neProlomnye Gates... Ngaphezu kwalokho, zonke izivakashi ziya emasangweni eProlomny, akude buduze neArsenal Tower. Igama lalombhoshongo weNizhny Novgorod Kremlin alidingi ncazelo, ngoba kwakukhona isikhathi eside lapha izinqolobane: izikhali, ukuqhuma kwezibhamu, izinganono nezinye izinto eziwusizo ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwamasosha zazigcinwa.
Bude buduze neSango iProlomnye yisigodlo sombusi, esakhiwa ngo-1841 ngokomyalo kaNicholas I. Kudala, sasiphethwe ngu-A. N. Muravyov, owayenguDembmbrist owayedingiselwe eSiberia futhi wabuya esuka lapho. Kwakungu-Alexander Nikolaevich owethula u-Alexander Dumas, owafika eNizhny Novgorod, no-I.Annenkov nomkakhe, owesifazane ongumFulentshi uP.Gebl (I. Annenkov ungumbusi odumile owadingiselwa eSiberia, uGebl ungunkosikazi wakhe womthetho owamshiya, owaba ngomunye wamaqhawe inkondlo ka-A. Nekrasov "abesifazane baseRussia"). Indaba yothando yalaba bantu ababili yamhlaba umxhwele umbhali, futhi wabenza amaqhawe enoveli yakhe elandelayo "Uthisha Wothango". Kusukela ngo-1991 iMyuziyamu Yezobuciko ibisendlini KaMbusi.
Dmitrievskaya umbhoshongo... Okukhulu kakhulu futhi okuhlobise kahle. Uphinde abe maphakathi. Ibizwa ngokuhlonipha uSt. Dmitry Thessaloniki. Isonto, elalingcweliswe egameni lakhe, lalisendaweni ephansi yombhoshongo. Ngeshwa, ngekhulu le-18 lambozwa umhlaba futhi lalahleka, kepha lakhiwa kabusha ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 futhi kwakhiwa umnyuziyamu phansi phezulu.
Ukuvakasha kwezindonga zaseKremlin kuqala kusuka eDmitrievskaya Tower. Kukhona ithuba lokuwuzungeza, ufunde umlando, ulalele izinganekwane mayelana nomhlaba waseNizhny Novgorod. Uhambo lungasuswa ngo-10: 00 kuye ku-20: 00 (ngoMeyi kuya kuNovemba).
Igumbi lesitolo kanye nemibhoshongo yeNikolskaya... Mancane kunoDmitrievskaya, kepha indaba yabo ayithandeki kangako. I-pantry yake yaba yindawo yokugcina lapho kugcinwa khona ukudla namanzi, okungadingeka ngesikhathi sokuvinjezelwa.
I-pantry iyindilinga, ngomlando wayo omude ishintshe amagama amaningi: i-Alekseevskaya, iTverskaya, i-Tseikhgauznaya.
UNikolskaya uqanjwe ngegama lesonto elidala elalahleka ngekhulu le-17-18. Ngo-2015 kwakhiwa iSonto laseNikolskaya ngesitayela sePskov-Novgorod yakudala eduze kweSango laseNikolsky.
Koromyslov umbhoshongo... Inganekwane ethokozisayo ixhunywe nalo mbhoshongo oseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeNizhny Novgorod Kremlin, elandisa ukuthi owesifazane osemusha waseNizhny Novgorod "walala" kanjani amaqembu amabili ezitha ngejoka. Ngokwemvelo, le ntombazane yafa, futhi abahlali baseNizhny Novgorod, ababedlulise incithakalo yesitha, bamngcwaba ngezindondo ngaphansi kwezindonga zombhoshongo. Kukhona itshe lesikhumbuzo eduze kwezindonga zalo, elikhombisa intombazane enejoka.
Umbhoshongo waseTaynitskaya... Kwake kwaba nomzila oyimfihlo osuka kuwo uye eMfuleni iPochayna. Izinqaba zaleso sikhathi zazinezindlela eziyimfihlo eziya emanzini ukuze abavinjezelwe bangafi ngenxa yokoma. Lo mbhoshongo ubuye waba nelinye igama - iMironositskaya eluhlaza. Umbono omangalisayo wamathempeli uvula phezulu: u-Alexander Nevsky, u-Elijah the Prophet, i-Kazan Icon kaMama kaNkulunkulu.
Umbhoshongo wasenyakatho... Kunemibono emangalisayo yomfula, isikwele "Skoba" (Unity National yesimanje), iSonto Lokuzalwa KukaJohane uMbhabhadisi, emi eLower Posad yakudala. Kunenganekwane ngokusho ukuthi yayakhiwe esizeni sokufa kwenkosana yamaTatar, eyayizama ukuthatha uNizhny Novgorod.
Umbhoshongo wewashi... Lesi ngesinye sezakhiwo ezidume kakhulu eNizhny Novgorod Kremlin. Lapho kwake kwaba khona "iwashi lempi", okusho ukuthi, iwashi elitangazayo, lo mshini wawulawulwa ngumenzi wamawashi okhethekile. Futhi ukudayela kwahlukaniswa kungabi yi-12, kepha kwaba izingxenye ezingu-17. Ngeshwa, iwashi nemishini manje sekulahlekile, kodwa umbhoshongo kusafanele uwuthande, ikakhulukazi iqhugwane lamawashi lokhuni. Kwake kwaba khona ukudlula phakathi kweNyakatho neClock Towers, okwadlula khona i-funicular. Kwakulula ukufika kuNizhniy Posad kuyo. Umngcwabo wokuqala wethulwa ngo-1896.
Umbhoshongo wase-Ivanovskaya... Lona ngumbhoshongo omkhulu kunayo yonke eKremlin, futhi izazi-mlando eziningi zikholelwa ukuthi kwaqala lapho ukwakhiwa kwayo. Izinganekwane eziningi nezindaba zihambisana nayo, kepha into esemqoka akuyona le, kodwa iqiniso lokuthi laliseduze nezindonga zalo, engqungqutheleni yase-Ivanovo, ukuthi uKuzma Minin afundele abantu baseNizhny Novgorod izincwadi zikaPhatriarch Hermogenes, owayefa yindlala eMoscow ethathwe ngabasePoland. Lo mcimbi waba yindawo yokuqala yenkululeko yeRussia kanye nokuphela kweNkathi Yezinkinga. Lo mcimbi uboniswe emdwebeni kaK. Makovsky "Isikhalazo SikaMinin esiya kuNizhny Novgorod People", manje ese-Art Museum yedolobha.
I-White Tower... Akukho noyedwa izivakashi oye wazi ukuthi uzofika kanjani lapho. Singasho ukuthi lokhu kuyimfuno ejwayelekile yaseKremlin. Leli gama ngenxa yokuthi lalakhiwe hhayi ngetshe elibomvu, kodwa nge-limestone emhlophe. Lapho iNizhniy Novgorod Kremlin yonke yayimhlophe, kepha upende kudala wawa ezindongeni.
Phakathi kochwepheshe abalazi elinye igama, uSimeonovskaya, kukhona umbono wokuthi igama elithi "mhlophe" lihlotshaniswa neqiniso lokuthi umbhoshongo umi emhlabathini owake waba ngowesigodlo saseSt. Simeon the Stylite, owabhujiswa ngekhulu le-18. Izwe okwakungokwamakhosi ezigodlo ngokuvamile lalibizwa ngokuthi "mhlophe", okungukuthi, ngaphandle kwezintela zombuso.
Imicabango kanye nemibhoshongo ye-Borisoglebskaya... Lezi zakhiwo ezimbili zeNizhny Novgorod Kremlin azange zisinde kwaze kwaba ngekhulu lama-20. Babhujiswa ukudilika kwenhlabathi. Ekhulwini lama-XX, lapho kuqala kabusha i-Kremlin, imibhoshongo yaqala ukubuyiselwa, izama ukubanika ukubukeka kwayo kwasekuqaleni. Umsebenzi wokubuyisela uqhubeke iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-60 futhi, naphezu kobunzima, iNizhny Novgorod Kremlin yasindiswa ekubhujisweni.
Inganekwane eyodwa ixhunywe noBelaya noZachatskaya. Iqukethe uthando lukaDanilo Volkhovets othile kaNastasya Gorozhanka, nomona womakhi uGiovanni Tatti, nokubulalana kwabantu abanomona. Ngokwenganekwane, kwakhiwa iWhite Tower esizeni sethuna likaDaniel, kwathi obomvu, uZachatyevskaya, wamiswa endaweni okwangcwatshwa kuyo uTatti.
Ngaphakathi kweNizhny Novgorod Kremlin: yini ongayibona
Elinye iSango iProlomnye litholakala phakathi kweIvanovskaya neClock Tower. Ngazo ungaya ensimini yeKremlin. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezakhiwo ngaphakathi, kepha zimbalwa izakhiwo ezihlukile ngokweqiniso, eziyiqiniso. Kuyafaneleka ukunaka:
Iminyuziyamu nemibukiso
Iminyuziyamu eminingana isebenza endaweni yaseNizhny Novgorod Kremlin:
- "IDmitrievskaya Tower" - umbukiso onikezelwe emlandweni weKremlin (uvulekile: kusuka ku-10: 00 kuya ku-17: 00);
- "Ivanovskaya Tower" - umbukiso unikezelwe ku-Time of Troubles (vula: kusuka ku-10: 00 kuye ku-17: 00);
- "I-Conception Tower" - konke okutholwe okwenziwe ngabavubukuli kutholakala lapha (vula: kusuka ku-10: 00 kuya ku-20: 00);
- INikolskaya Tower (indawo yokubuka).
Onke amahhovisi amathikithi ayayeka ukusebenza imizuzu engama-40 ngaphambi kokuvalwa kweminyuziyamu nemibukiso.
Amanani awaphakeme, kukhona izaphulelo zezingane nabadala. Ukuthwebula izithombe namavidiyo kukhokhwa ngokwehlukana.
Uma ufisa, ungathenga ithikithi elilodwa le-Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin. Kubandakanya ukuvakashela yonke le mibhoshongo emithathu nokuhamba odongeni. Emndenini, ithikithi elinjalo longa imali yangempela.
Imyuziyemu yobuciko nayo kufanele ukuvakashelwa. Kukhona imibukiso engaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyi-12 eqoqweni lakhe. Amahora okusebenza emnyuziyamu: kusuka ku-10: 00 kuya ku-18: 00 nsuku zonke, ngaphandle koMsombuluko.
Ungafika kanjani eNizhny Novgorod Kremlin
Ungafika eNizhny Novgorod Kremlin usuka esiteshini esiphakathi nedolobha ngamabhasi angunombolo 34, 134, 171, 172, 81, 54, 190, 43. Misa eMinin Square, ekungeneni kuDmitrievskaya Tower.
Ungafika naseKremlin ngokusebenzisa imibhoshongo yase-Ivanovskaya naseNyakatho ohlangothini lwe-River Station, kepha abahambi bazokhuphuka kakhulu.
INizhny Novgorod Kremlin yindawo eyingqayizivele, engaqondakali. Izazi-mlando eziningi ziyavuma ukuthi ingcebo eyinhloko igcinwa ngaphansi komhlaba. Imipheme engaphansi komhlaba, amaphaseji, amakamelo afihliwe ekubukweni - konke lokhu kungokoqobo futhi, ngokunokwenzeka, kukhona indawo okufanele ube kuyo. Mhlawumbe kwakukhona endaweni ethile endaweni yaseNizhny Novgorod Kremlin lapho umtapo wolwazi odumile kaSophia Paleologue noma umtapo wezincwadi ka-Ivan the Terrible wawufihliwe.
