URichard Milhouse Nixon (1913-1994) - uMongameli wama-37 wase-United States (1969-1974) ovela kwiRepublican Party, uSekela Mongameli wama-36 wase-United States (1953-1961). UMengameli waseMelika kuphela owehla esikhundleni ngaphambi kokuphela kwesikhathi sakhe.
Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography kaNixon, esizokhuluma ngaye kule ndatshana.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwakho kune-biography emfushane kaRichard Nixon.
I-Biography kaNixon
URichard Nixon wazalwa ngoJanuwari 9, 1913 eCalifornia. Wakhulela emndenini ompofu kagrocor Francis Nixon nomkakhe uHannah Milhouse. Wayengowesibili emadodaneni ama-5 wabazali bakhe.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Emndenini wakwaNixon, bonke abafana babizwa ngamagama amakhosi adumile aseBrithani. Ngendlela, umongameli wesikhathi esizayo waqamba igama lakhe ngokuhlonipha uRichard the Lionheart, owayevela kubukhosi bakwaPlantagenet.
Ngemuva kokuphothula ekolishi, uRichard waqhubeka nemfundo yakhe eDuke University Law School. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi ngemuva kokuphothula iziqu wayefuna ukuba yisisebenzi seFBI, kepha wanquma ukubuyela eCalifornia.
Ngo-1937, uNixon wangeniswa endaweni yokucima ukoma. Ngalesi sikhathi se-biography yakhe, wayebandakanyeka ekuxazululeni izingxabano phakathi kwezinkampani zikawoyela. Ngonyaka olandelayo, uchwepheshe osemusha waphathiswa isikhundla sokuba yinhloko yegatsha lenkampani yabameli edolobheni laseLa Habra Heights.
Umama kaRichard wayeyilungu lamaQuaker enhlanganweni yamaProthestani. Kamuva, inhloko yomndeni futhi, ngenxa yalokho, zonke izingane zamukela le nkolelo. Lapho umfana eneminyaka engaba ngu-9 ubudala, yena nomndeni wakhe bathuthela edolobheni laseCalifornia iWhittier.
Lapha uNixon Sr. wavula isitolo sokudla kanye negalaji likaphethiloli. URichard uqhubeke nokufunda esikoleni sendawo, ethola amamaki aphezulu kuyo yonke imikhakha. Ngemuva kokuphothula iziqu ngo-1930, waba ngumfundi eWhittier College.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi le nsizwa yanikezwa ukungena eHarvard, kepha abazali babengenayo imali yokukhokhela izifundo zendodana yabo. Ngaleso sikhathi, umfowabo omncane, u-Arthur, wayesedlulile emhlabeni ngemuva kokugula isikhashana. Ngo-1933, kwenzeka enye inhlekelele emndenini kaNixon - indodana endala uHarold wabulawa isifo sofuba.
Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva, uRichard Nixon wakwazi ukuthola ingxenye yamasheya enkampani futhi waba yilungu eligcwele. Ukuthuthuka komsebenzi wakhe kwaphazanyiswa yimpi yesibili yomhlaba (1939-1945). Ngemuva kokuthi amaJapane ehlasele iPearl Harbor, wajoyina i-Air Force.
UNixon ubesebenza njengesikhulu emabhasini asezindiza asemhlabathini oLwandlekazi iPacific. Ekupheleni kwempi, wakhuphukela esikhundleni sokuba ngumkhuzi wamasosha.
Ezombusazwe
Ngo-1946, uRichard, ngokwesiphakamiso somunye wabaholi bamaRiphabhuliki aseCalifornia, wabamba iqhaza okhethweni lweNdlu yabaMamele. Ekupheleni konyaka ofanayo, wakwazi ukuthola isihlalo eNdlu, wabe eseba yilungu leKhomishini Yophenyo Ngemisebenzi Ye-Un-American.
Ngo-1950, lo sopolitiki wathola igunya lokuba yisenenja evela esifundazweni saseCalifornia, ngemuva kwalokho wahlala enhlokodolobha yase-US. Eminyakeni emithathu kamuva, waba yiPhini likaNdunankulu ekuphathweni kukaDwight D. Eisenhower.
UNixon wayehlale ehamba nenhloko ye-White House emihlanganweni neCongress kanye neKhabhinethi. Wayevame ukukhuluma nomphakathi ememezela izinqumo zikamongameli nezikahulumeni. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi ngesikhathi se-biography yakhe ngo-1955-1957. ubebambe izintambo kathathu ngenxa yokugula kuka-Eisenhower.
Ngo-1960, okhethweni oluzayo, uRichard wancintisana noJohn F. Kennedy, kodwa iningi lamavoti lavotelwa imbangi yakhe. Ngemuva kweminyaka embalwa, ngemuva kokwesula kwakhe e-White House, wabuyela eCalifornia, lapho ahlanganyela khona ekumeleleni isikhashana.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi le ndoda yagijimela umbusi waseCalifornia, kodwa kulokhu, nayo, yehluleka. Wabe esecabanga ukuthi umsebenzi wakhe wezepolitiki wawusuphelile. Mayelana nalokhu, wabhala umsebenzi wokuphila komuntu "Izinkinga Eziyisithupha", lapho echaza khona imisebenzi yakhe kuhulumeni waseMelika.
Ngo-1968, uRichard Nixon wamemezela ukuqokwa kwakhe njengomengameli wase-United States futhi ngo-Agasti 7 wakwazi ukudlula bonke ababencintisana nabo, kuhlanganise noRonald Reagan.
UMongameli Nixon
Inqubomgomo yangaphakathi yenhloko yezwe esanda kukhethwa yayisuselwa ezimisweni ezilandelanayo. Uvimbele ukwenziwa kwezinhlelo zomphakathi ezihlose ukusiza izakhamizi eziswele. Akazange futhi akhuthaze ukuthuthukiswa kokulima futhi waphikisana nokukhululwa kweNkantolo Ephakeme.
Ngaphansi kukaNixon, ukufika kwenyanga okudumile kwaseMelika kwenzeka. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi inqubomgomo yezwe yakwamanye amazwe yayiphethwe nguHenry Kissinger, umsebenzi wakhe kwakuwukukhipha iMelika empini yaseVietnam.
URichard Nixon ukwazile ukwenza ubudlelwano neChina. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngesikhathi sokubusa kwakhe, inqubomgomo yokuhlukaniswa neSoviet Union yaqala. Ngo-1970, wathumela amasosha aseMelika eCambodia, lapho uhulumeni omusha weLon Nol waqala ukulwa namaKhomanisi.
Izenzo ezinjalo zaholela emihlanganweni yokulwa nempi e-United States, ngenxa yalokho, ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa, amasosha aseMelika ashiya iCambodia ngokomyalo kamongameli.
Entwasahlobo ka-1972, uNixon wavakashela i-USSR, lapho ahlangana khona noLeonid Brezhnev. Abaholi bamazwe amabili amakhulu basayine isivumelwano se-SALT-1, esasikhawulela izikhali zamasu ezifundazwe ezimbili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uRichard wavakashela njalo amazwe ahlukahlukene.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo ukuthi wayengumongameli wokuqala ukuhambela zonke izifundazwe zaseMelika ezingama-50. Ngo-1972, kwaqubuka ihlazo laseWatergate, elathatha cishe iminyaka engu-2 laphela ngokusula kukaNixon ehhovisi likamongameli.
Cishe ezinyangeni ezi-4 ngaphambi kokhetho, kwaboshwa abantu aba-5 abafaka uhlelo lokuthinta izintambo ekomkhulu likamengameli weDemocratic candidate uGeorge McGovern. Indlunkulu ibisendaweni yaseWatergate, okunikeze lesi sigameko igama elifanele.
Amaphoyisa athola amakhasethi anokuqoshwa kwezingxoxo zezombusazwe, kanye nezithombe zemibhalo ehlukanisiwe, kubantu ababoshiwe. Ihlazo lathola ukuthandwa emhlabeni wonke, kuqeda umlando wezombusazwe oqhubekayo kaRichard Nixon.
Abaphenyi bafakazele ukubandakanyeka kwenhloko yezwe kuleli cala elihlaba umxhwele. Ngenxa yalokhu, ngo-Agasti 9, 1974, esaba ukuphikiswa, uNixon wafaka incwadi yokwesula. Kuze kube namuhla, lokhu kuphela kwesimo emlandweni wase-United States lapho umongameli esula esikhundleni ngaphambi kwesikhathi.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Lapho uRichard eneminyaka engaba ngu-25, waqala ukuthandana nothisha ogama lakhe linguThelma Pat Ryan. Ekuqaleni, le ntombazane yenqaba ukuhlangana nalo mfana ngoba ayikhombisanga ukuzwelana naye.
Kodwa-ke, uNixon wayephikelela futhi elandela ngokoqobo othandekayo wakhe noma ngabe ukuphi. Ngenxa yalokhu, uThelma wayiphindisela le nsizwa futhi wavuma ukuba ngumkakhe ngo-1940. Kulesi sikebhe, lo mbhangqwana wawunamantombazane amabili - uTrishia noJulie.
Ukufa
Ngemuva kokuthatha umhlalaphansi, le ndoda yaba nesifiso sokubhala. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngenxa yehlazo laseWatergate, wayenqatshelwe ukuzibandakanya ezindabeni zomthetho nezepolitiki. URichard Nixon ushone ngo-Ephreli 22, 1994 eneminyaka engama-81 ngenxa yesifo sohlangothi.
Izithombe zeNixon
