UCharles Robert Darwin (1809-1882) - Isazi semvelo nesiNgisi, ongomunye wabokuqala ukufika esiphethweni futhi wafakazela umqondo wokuthi zonke izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ziguquka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi zehle kokhokho abavamile.
Emcabangweni wakhe, ukuchazwa okuningiliziwe okwakhishwa ngo-1859 encwadini ethi The Origin of Species, uDarwin wabiza ukukhetha kwemvelo indlela eyinhloko yokuvela kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography kaDarwin, esizokhuluma ngayo kulesi sihloko.
Ngakho-ke, nayi i-biography emfushane kaCharles Darwin.
I-biography kaDarwin
UCharles Darwin wazalwa ngoFebhuwari 12, 1809 edolobheni laseNgilandi iShrewsbury. Wakhulela emndenini kadokotela ocebile nozimali uRobert Darwin nomkakhe uSusanne. Wayengowesihlanu ezinganeni eziyisithupha zabazali bakhe.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Lapho esemncane, uDarwin, kanye nonina nabafowabo, wayeyisonto le-Unitarian Church. Lapho eneminyaka engaba ngu-8 ubudala, waqala ukuya esikoleni, lapho aqala khona ukuthanda isayensi yemvelo nokuqoqa. Ngokushesha umama wakhe wadlula emhlabeni, okwaholela ekufundiseni izingane ngokomoya.
Ngo-1818, uDarwin Sr. wathumela amadodana akhe, uCharles no-Erasmus, e-Anglican School of Shrewsbury. Isazi semvelo esizayo sasingathandi ukuya esikoleni, ngoba imvelo, eyayiyithanda kakhulu, yayingafundelwa lapho.
Ngamabanga aphakathi kuyo yonke imikhakha, uCharles wazakhela udumo njengomfundi ongakwazi. Ngalesi sikhathi se-biography yakhe, ingane yaba nentshisekelo yokuqoqa izimvemvane namaminerali. Kamuva, wathola intshisekelo enkulu ekuzingeleni.
Esikoleni samabanga aphakeme, uDarwin waba nesithakazelo ekhemistri, okwathi lapho egxekwa uthishanhloko wesikhungo sokuzivocavoca, owayebheka le sayensi njengengasho lutho. Ngenxa yalokho, le nsizwa yathola isitifiketi esinamamaki aphansi.
Ngemuva kwalokho, uCharles waqhubeka nemfundo yakhe e-University of Edinburgh, lapho afundela khona ubudokotela. Ngemuva kweminyaka emibili yokufunda eyunivesithi, wabona ukuthi umuthi akawuthandi neze. Umfana waqala ukweqa amakilasi, waqala ukwenza izilwane ezigxotshiwe.
Umeluleki kaDarwin kulolu daba kwakuyisigqila esake sabizwa ngokuthi nguJohn Edmonstone, owake wadabula iAmazon njengomsizi wesazi semvelo uCharles Waterton.
Ukutholwa kokuqala kukaCharles kwakuse-anatomy yama-invertebrate asolwandle. Wethula intuthuko yakhe emphakathini wabafundi basePlanevsky. Kungaleso sikhathi lapho usosayensi osemusha aqala ukujwayela ukuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo.
UDarwin wakujabulela ukuthatha izifundo emlandweni wemvelo, lapho athola khona ulwazi lokuqala emkhakheni we-geology, futhi wakwazi nokuthola amaqoqo asemnyuziyamu waseyunivesithi.
Lapho ubaba wakhe ethola ngezifundo ezinganakiwe zikaCharles, waphikelela ekutheni indodana yakhe iye eChrist College, eCambridge University. Le ndoda yayifuna ukuthi le nsizwa ithole ukugcotshwa kwabefundisi beSonto LaseSheshi. UDarwin wanquma ukungayiphikisi intando kayise futhi kungekudala waba ngumfundi wasekolishi.
Lapho sengishintshile isikhungo semfundo, umfana wayengazizwa eshisekela kakhulu ukufunda. Esikhundleni salokho, wayekuthanda ukudubula izibhamu, ukuzingela nokugibela amahhashi. Kamuva waba nesithakazelo ku-entomology - isayensi yezinambuzane.
UCharles Darwin waqala ukuqoqa amabhungane. Waba umngane nesazi sezitshalo uJohn Stevens Henslow, wafunda kuye amaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ngemvelo nezinambuzane. Ngokubona ukuthi maduzane kuzofanele aphumelele izivivinyo zokuphela konyaka, umfundi uthathe isinqumo sokugxila ngokungathi sína ezifundweni zakhe.
Ngokudabukisayo, uDarwin wayekwazi kahle ukufunda izinto ayephuthelwe zona waze wabekwa endaweni yeshumi kwabangu-178 abaphumelela ukuhlolwa.
Ukuhamba
Ngemuva kokuphothula eyunivesithi ngo-1831, uCharles Darwin wathatha uhambo oluya emhlabeni wonke eBeagle. Wabamba iqhaza ohambweni lwesayensi njenge-naturalist. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi lolu hambo luthathe cishe iminyaka engu-5.
Ngenkathi amalungu eqembu esebenza ezifundweni ze-cartographic of the coasts, uCharles waqoqa izinto ezahlukahlukene ezihlobene nomlando wemvelo nokwakheka komhlaba. Wabhala ngokucophelela konke ayekubonile, okunye wakuthumela eCambridge.
Ngesikhathi sohambo lwakhe oluya eBeagle, uDarwin waqoqa iqoqo lezilwane elihlaba umxhwele, wabuye wachaza ukwakheka kwezinambuzane eziningi zasolwandle ezingenamgogodla ngendlela ye-laconic. Esifundeni sasePatagonia, wathola izinsalela zezinsalela zesilwane esincelisayo sasendulo, i-megatherium, ebukeka ngaphandle njengempi enkulu yempi.
Eduze kwalokhu okutholakele, uCharles Darwin wabona amagobolondo amaningi esimanjemanje, akhombisa ukunyamalala kwakamuva kwe-megatherium. EBrithani, lokhu kutholakala kwavusa isithakazelo esikhulu kososayensi.
Ukuqhubeka nokuhlolwa kwendawo enyathelwe iPatagonia, kuveza uhlaka lwakudala lweplanethi yethu, kwenze isazi semvelo ukuthi sicabange ngezitatimende eziyiphutha emsebenzini kaLyell "mayelana nokuqhubeka nokuqedwa kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo."
Lapho umkhumbi ufika eChile, uDarwin wayenethuba lokuzibonela mathupha ukuzamazama komhlaba okunamandla. Wabona indlela umhlaba owenyuka ngayo ngaphezu kobuso bolwandle. E-Andes, wathola amagobolondo ezinhlanzi (mollusks), ngenxa yalokho lo mfana aphakamisa ukuthi izivimbelo zamatshe kanye nama-atoll akuyona nje into yokuhamba komhlabathi.
Eziqhingini zaseGalapagos, uCharles wabona ukuthi izinyoni zasekhaya ezihlekisayo zazinokuhlukahluka okuningi kulezo ezitholakala eChile nakwezinye izifunda. E-Australia, wabona amagundane ama-kangaroo nama-platypuses, nawo ayehlukile ezilwaneni ezifanayo kwenye indawo.
Ehlatshwe yilokho akubona, uDarwin waze waveza ukuthi kushiwo Abadali ababili abasebenza ekudalweni koMhlaba. Ngemuva kwalokho, i- "Beagle" yaqhubeka nohambo lwayo emanzini aseNingizimu Melika.
Ngesikhathi se-biography ka-1839-1842. UCharles Darwin ubeke umbono wakhe emaphepheni esayensi: "I-Diary of the Investigations of a Naturalist", "Zoology of Voyage on the Beagle" kanye "Nokwakhiwa Nokusatshalaliswa Kwama-Coral Reef."
Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi usosayensi wayengowokuqala ukuchaza lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "amaqhwa aphendukayo" - ukwakheka okwehlukile ebusweni beqhwa noma amasimu e-firn ngesimo samaphiramidi akhonjisiwe afinyelela ku-6 m ukuphakama, ukusuka kude okufana nezixuku zamakholi aguqe ngamadolo.
Ngemuva kokuphela komkhankaso, uDarwin waqala ukufuna ukuqinisekiswa kombono wakhe maqondana nokushintshwa kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Wayegcina imibono yakhe iyimfihlo kuwo wonke umuntu ngoba wabona ukuthi ngemibono yakhe wayezogxeka imibono yenkolo ngemvelaphi yomhlaba nakho konke okukuwo.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi yize wayeqagela, uCharles uhlala eyikholwa. Kunalokho, wayengajabule ngezimfundiso namasiko amaningi obuKristu.
Kamuva, lapho le ndoda ibuzwa ngezinkolelo zayo, yathi ayikaze ingakholelwa ebukhoneni bukaNkulunkulu ngomqondo wokuthi ayikuphiki ukuba khona kukaNkulunkulu. Kunalokho, wayezibheka njengomuntu okholelwa ukuthi uNkulunkulu akaziwa.
Ukushiya okokugcina esontweni eDarwin kwenzeka ngemuva kokushona kwendodakazi yakhe u-Anne ngo-1851. Yize kunjalo, waqhubeka nokusiza amakholwa, kodwa wenqaba ukuya ezinkonzweni. Lapho izihlobo zakhe ziya esontweni, wayehambahamba.
Ngo-1838 uCharles waphathiswa isikhundla sokuba unobhala weGeological Society yaseLondon. Ubambe lesi sikhundla cishe iminyaka emithathu.
Imfundiso yokwehla
Ngemuva kokujikeleza umhlaba, uDarwin waqala ukugcina idayari, lapho ahlukanisa khona izinhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane ezifuywayo ngezigaba. Lapho futhi wabhala phansi imibono yakhe mayelana nokuzikhethela kwemvelo.
I-Origin of Species ingumsebenzi kaCharles Darwin lapho umlobi ahlongoza khona imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Incwadi yashicilelwa ngoNovemba 24, 1859, futhi ithathwa njengesisekelo se-biology yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Umqondo oyinhloko ngukuthi inani labantu liguquka ngezizukulwane ngokukhethwa kwemvelo. Izimiso ezichazwe encwadini zathola amagama azo - "Darwinism".
Kamuva uDarwin wethule omunye umsebenzi ophawulekayo - "Ukwehla Komuntu Nokukhethwa Ngokocansi." Umbhali ubeke umbono wokuthi abantu nezinkawu babenokhokho oyedwa. Wenza ukuhlaziywa kokuqhathanisa nokwakheka futhi waqhathanisa imininingwane ye-embryological, ngaleyo ndlela ezama ukuqinisa imibono yakhe.
Imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yathandwa kakhulu ngesikhathi sikaDarwin, futhi ayilahlekelwa ukuthandwa kwayo nanamuhla. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe lapha ukuthi, njengakuqala, ihlala ingumbono nje, ngoba inamabala amaningi amnyama.
Isibonelo, ngekhulu leminyaka elidlule umuntu ubengezwa ngokutholakele okusolwa ukuthi kuqinisekisa ukuthi umuntu wehla enkawini. Njengobufakazi, kucashunwe amathambo "amaNeanderthal", afana nezidalwa ezithile, ngasikhathi sinye afane nezinyamazana nabantu.
Kodwa-ke ngokuza kwezindlela zesimanje zokuhlonza izinsalela zabantu basendulo, kwacaca ukuthi amanye amathambo angawabantu, kanti amanye ayizilwane, hhayi izinkawu njalo.
Kuze kube manje, kunezingxabano ezishubile phakathi kwabasekeli nabaphikisana nombono wokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ngakho konke lokhu, njengabavikeli bemvelaphi yaphezulu yomuntu, akunakwenzeka ukufakazela indalonezishoshovu zemvelaphi kusuka izinkawu engakwazi ukufakazela isikhundla sakhe nganoma iyiphi indlela enengqondo.
Ekugcineni, imvelaphi yomuntu ihlala iyimfihlakalo ephelele, noma ngabe imiphi imibono ehlukene embozwe yisayensi.
Kumele futhi kuphawulwe ukuthi abalandeli beDarwinism bavame ukubiza umbono wabo isayensi, nemibono yenkolo - ukukholwa okuyimpumputhe... Ngaphezu kwalokho, zombili zisuselwa ezinkulumweni ezithathwe kuphela okholweni.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Unkosikazi kaCharles Darwin wayengumzala ogama lakhe lingu-Emma Wedgwood. Laba bantu abasanda kushada babhalisa ngokomthetho ubudlelwano babo ngokuhambisana nawo wonke amasiko eSonto LaseSheshi. Lo mbhangqwana wawunezingane eziyishumi, ezintathu zazo ezashona zisencane.
Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi ezinye zezingane zazingenwa ukugula noma zazibuthakathaka. Usosayensi wayekholelwa ukuthi isizathu salokhu kwakuyizhlobo zakhe no-Emma.
Ukufa
UCharles Darwin ushone ngo-Ephreli 19, 1882 eneminyaka engama-73. Unkosikazi waphila isikhathi eside ngumyeni wakhe ngeminyaka eyi-14, eseshonile ekwindla ka-1896.
Izithombe zikaDarwin
